Cross-Sectional Analysis of Silicon Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices Using the Scanning Electron Microscope

A technique has been developed which enables one to cross-section specific devices or features for examination with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This method is used for investigation of all facets of microelectronic circuit manufacture from research and development to failure analysis of the finished product. Selective etching is used to provide contrast to each processed layer. Etch type and sequence, used for delineation, are important to understand since they may add artifacts to the cross-section, leading to erroneous analysis conclusions. The etchant and etch conditions used will be dictated by the information needed from a particular sample. Etching systems based on HF-HNO3-H2O are used with metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technologies. In addition, buffered silicon dioxide etches are also used especially to delineate silicon dioxide layers. Cross-sectional analysis enables measurement of processing parameters such as junction depth, channel length, layer thickness and length, layer composition and step coverage

The National Marine Fisheries Service Habitat Conservation Efforts in Louisiana, 1980 Through 1990

Data quantifying various aspects of the Corps of Engineers wetland regulatory program in Louisiana from 1980 through 1990 are presented. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) habitat conservation efforts for this time period are described and averages involved delineated. From 1980 through 1990, NMFS reviewed 14,259 public notices to dredge, fill, or impound wetlands in Louisiana and provided recommendations to the Corps on 962 projects which proposed to impact over 600,000 acres of tidally influenced wetlands. NMFS recommended that impacts to about 279,000 acres be avoided and that more than 150,000 acres of compensatory mitigation be provided. During this period, marsh management projects proposed impounding over 197,000 acres of wetlands. On a permit by permit basis, 43% of NMFS recommendations were accepted, 34% were partially accepted, and 23% were rejected

The Determinants of Portfolio Choice: An experimental study

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On the Determinants of Portfolio Choice

This paper jointly analyzes traditional and behavioral concepts in a simple experimental setting which allows for the assessment of the relative importance of each factor and their joint behavior. Various hypotheses are tested in three portfolio choice models. Markowitz [markowitz, h., 1952. Portfolio selection. Journal of finance 7, 77–92] findings are analyzed and extended by behavioral concepts and socio-demographic variables. Models are expressed as conjoint choice models represented by a multinomial logit model. Data is collected in an experimental setting. We show that the level of the risk-free rate, an individual's risk aversion, market sentiment, self-assessed financial expertise, age and gender are determining factors of portfolio choice

On the determinants of portfolio choice

This paper jointly analyzes traditional and behavioral concepts in a simple experimental setting which allows for the assessment of the relative importance of each factor and their joint behavior. Various hypotheses are tested in three portfolio choice models. Markowitz [Markowitz, H., 1952. Portfolio selection. Journal of Finance 7, 77-92] findings are analyzed and extended by behavioral concepts and socio-demographic variables. Models are expressed as conjoint choice models represented by a multinomial logit model. Data is collected in an experimental setting. We show that the level of the risk-free rate, an individual's risk aversion, market sentiment, self-assessed financial expertise, age and gender are determining factors of portfolio choice.

Einsatz von Muellschleusen in Grosswohnanlagen (Beispiel: Stadt Muenster)

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F00B1374 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Rechtliche, oekonomische und organisatorische Ansaetze zur Schliessung von Siedlungsabfalldeponieraum

The implementation of the Technical Instruction on Municipal Waste (TASi), the Waste Storage Ordinance (AbfAbIV), the EU Landfill Directive through the Landfill Ordinance (DepV) will drastically change the quantities of municipal waste both to be disposed of and to be landfilled, with the latter being especially affected by pretreatment methods. In addition, the closure of non-compliant landfills in the years 2005 and 2009 will have significant impacts on landfill inventories, which will consequently give rise to price structure changes in the associated waste management sectors. The report contains an evaluation of the inventory of class-II landfills and future capacity requirements in the 2000-2005-2009 time period. It also includes an evaluation of possible financial gaps in the reserve funds amassed for various types of landfills. Additionally, concepts to optimise the economics of waste management (landfill networks, for example) were developed. The possibilities and boundaries associated with the closure of landfills, the covering of financial costs (fees, taxes, budgetary resources etc.) and the creation of waste management networks were the issues evaluated in the legal section of the report. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 8422(2004,18) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman