Bilan D’activités De 10 Ans De Pratique D’endoscopie Urologique Au Niger : Résultats, Défis Et Perspectives

But: Rapporter les résultats de la pratique d’endoscopie urologique au Niger, recenser les défis et annoncer les perspectives. Matériels et Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive rétrospective allant du 1er janvier 2010 au 31 décembre 2019 portant sur les dossiers des patients ayant bénéficié de procédures endoscopiques urologiques. L’étude s’est déroulée sur quatre sites du pays qui disposaient de matériel endoscopique urologique. Les paramètres sont : les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des patients, le type de procédure endoscopique, les indications, les résultats. Résultat: Au total 5806 gestes chirurgicaux dont 535 procédures endoscopiques ont été réalisés sur la période d’étude. Treize (13) dossiers incomplets ont été exclus. Les activités endoscopiques constituaient 9,21% de l’ensemble des activités chirurgicales. L’âge moyen des patients était de 49,60 ans avec un écart type de 18,15 et la tranche d’âge [41-60 ans] était la plus représentée avec 36,21%. Le sexe ratio était de 2,4 en faveur de l’homme. L’endoscopie était diagnostique dans 90,04%. L’urétrocystoscopie était la procédure la plus pratiquée (88,70%) suivie de l’urétrotomie interne endoscopique (UIE) (4,21%). La résection trans urétrale de la prostate (RTUP) et la résection trans urétrale de la vessie (RTUV) représentaient respectivement 0,96% et 1,34%. Les principales indications de l’urétrocystoscopie étaient l’hématurie avec 245 cas soit 52,91% suivie des SBAU avec 113 cas soit 24,40%. Les résultats de l’urétrocystoscopie étaient dominés par les tumeurs de vessie (31,10%) ; l’hypertrophie prostatique (17,71 %). Conclusion : L’urétrocystoscopie domine la pratique de l’endoscopie au Niger. Le véritable problème demeure le manque de matériels d’où la nécessité d’équiper les différents services d’urologie du pays. Aim: To report the results of the practice of urological endoscopy in Niger, identify the challenges, and to announce the prospects. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019 on the records of patients who underwent urological endoscopic procedure. The study took place at four sites across the country that had urologic endoscopic equipment. The parameters studied were: the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, the type of endoscopic procedure, the indications, and the results. Results: A total of 5,806 surgical procedures, including 535 endoscopic procedures, were performed over the study period. Thirteen (13) incomplete files were excluded. Endoscopic activities constituted 9.21% of all surgical activities. The mean age of the patients was 49.60 years with a standard deviation of 18.15 and the age group [41-60 years] was the most represented with 36.21%. The sex ratio was 2.4 in favor of the male. Endoscopy was diagnostic in 90.04%. Urethrocystoscopy was the most frequently performed procedure (88.70%) followed by endoscopic internal urethrotomy (EIU) (4.21%). Transurethral resection of the prostate TURP and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) accounted for 0.96% and 1.34%, respectively. The main indications for urethrocystoscopy were hematuria with 245 cases (52.91%), followed by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with 113 cases (24.40%). Urethrocystoscopy findings were dominated by bladder tumors (31.10%) and prostatic hypertrophy (17.71%). Conclusion: Urethrocystoscopy dominates the practice of endoscopy in Niger. The real problem remains the lack of materials. Hence, there is the need to equip the various urology services in the country

Seismicity associated with the 1991-1995 dome growth at Unzen Volcano

From May 1991 until February 1995, seismicity in the crater area of Unzen Volcano, southwest Japan, intensified in conjunction with the growth of a dacite lava dome. We used data from seismic stations located near the crater to identify approximately 580,000 summit earthquakes with maximum amplitudes equal to or greater than 1 × 10- 3 cm/s. The temporal characteristics of the seismicity level were different for exogenous and endogenous periods of dome growth. Periods of solely exogenous growth were accompanied by several days or weeks of increased seismicity, and levels of seismicity were notably reduced between successive seismically active periods. In contrast, levels of seismicity were generally high during periods when the dome grew endogenously, with repeated cycles of increasing and decreasing seismicity of one to two months duration. We classified the waveforms of summit earthquakes into high-frequency (HF), medium-frequency (MF), and low-frequency (LF) types on the basis of spectral analysis. Dominant waveform types varied significantly over time: HF was dominant in May 1991, LF from June 1991 until August 1993, MF during September and October 1993, and HF and MF from November 1993. HF and MF events are mainly distributed at depths of 500-1100 m above sea level (ASL), just below the lava dome, while LF events are widely distributed at depths from 500 m ASL to the interior of the dome itself. To efficiently detect earthquake families, we conducted a cross-correlation analysis of waveforms. Using the events one-by-one as reference events, we calculated peak correlation coefficients between each reference event and events that occurred within 24 h either side of the reference event. The results show that many earthquake families of all waveform types occurred throughout the growth period of the dome. The durations of most families were less than two weeks and were not related to the intensity of seismic activity. The incidence rate of events within each family reached a peak in the middle of the respective activity period. The results also suggest that the waveforms in several analyzed families gradually evolved over time. During periods when HF events intensified, several families appeared contemporaneously. In contrast, during periods when LF events intensified, the occurrence pattern of earthquake families was relatively simple: a new family became active only once the activity of the previous family had declined or ceased completely. A possible source mechanism for families of HF events is stick-slip within the stiff rocks surrounding the conduit; however, several different types of source mechanisms should be considered for families of LF events