Pengaruh Kalsium-asam Lemak Sawit (Ca-als) dan Kalsium terhadap Bobot Telur, Tebal Kerabang dan Kekuatan Kerabang Ayam Petelur Lohman

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kalsium-asam lemak sawit (Ca-ALS) dan kalsium (Ca) dalam ransum terhadap bobot telur, tebal kerabang, dan kekuatan kerabang ayam petelur Lohman, telah dilaksanakan selama 20 minggu. Rancangan percobaan yang digunkanan adalah rancangan acakl lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial. Sebagai faktor pertama adalah tingkat penggunaan kalsium-asam lemak sawit (Ca-ALS) sebesar 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Faktor kedua adalah tingkat kalsium yang digunakan 2,75%, 3,00% dan 3,25% . Ayam yang digunakan sebanyak 280 ekor didistribusi kedalam 9 kombinasi perlakuan dan satu kontrol, setiap perlakuan terdiri atasb7 ulangan dan setiap ulangan terdiri atas 4 ekor ayam. Ransum yang digunakan mengandung energi metabolis 2620 kkal/kg dan protein kasar sebesar 16%. Ransum dan air minum diberikan secara adlibitum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan kalsium-asam lemak sawit (Ca-ALS) sampai 15% dalam ransum ayam petelur Lohman dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik sebagai sumber asam lemak dan kalsium untuk menghasilkan bobot telur, dan ketebalan kerabang telur. Penggunaan Ca-ALS 15% akan lebih baik dengan penambahan 3,25% kalsium (Ca) dibanding 2,75%, 3,0% untuk meningkatkan kekuatan kerabang telur di awal dan akhir bertelur, diukur pada posisi vertikal atau horizontal. THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM–PALM FATTY ACID (Ca-PFA) AND CALCIUM FOR EGG WEIGHT, EGG SHELL THICKNESS, AND SHELL STRENGTH OF LOHMAN LAYING HENS ABSTRACK The aims of this experiment were to study the effect of calcium-palm fatty acid (Ca-PFA) and calcium in the ration for egg weigh, egg shell thickness, and shell strength of Lohman laying hens was done fot 20 weeks. A completly randomized design (CRD) with factorial used in this experiment, the first factor was 5%, 10%, 15% Ca-PFA and second factor was 2.75%, 3.00% and 3.25% calcium . The treatment consisted 7 replicates with 4 laying hens each and control, totally used 280 laying hens. All feed is iso caloric (ME: 2620 Kcal/kg) and iso protein (CP:16%). Feed and water were offered adlibitum. Result of this experiment showed that used of palm fatty acid (Ca-PFA) until 15% in rations Lohman laying hens to utilized fatty acid and calcium resources for increased egg weigh , egg shell tickness. But can be better with addition 3.25% calcium equal 2.75%, 3.0% increased egg shell strength in vertical or horizontal position, in beginning or finished of layed

FDG-PET as a predictive biomarker for therapy with everolimus in metastatic renal cell cancer

AbstractThe mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, everolimus, affects tumor growth by targeting cellular metabolic proliferation pathways and delays renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. Preclinical evidence suggests that baseline elevated tumor glucose metabolism as quantified by FDG-PET ([18F] fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography) may predict antitumor activity. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibition were treated with standard dose everolimus. FDG-PET scans were obtained at baseline and 2weeks; serial computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained at baseline and every 8weeks. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the most FDG avid lesion, average SUVmax of all measured lesions and their corresponding 2-week relative changes were examined for association with 8-week change in tumor size. A total of 63 patients were enrolled; 50 were evaluable for the primary endpoint of which 48 had both PET scans. Patient characteristics included the following: 36 (72%) clear cell histology and median age 59 (range: 37–80). Median pre- and 2-week treatment average SUVmax were 6.6 (1–17.9) and 4.2 (1–13.9), respectively. Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST)-based measurements demonstrated an average change in tumor burden of 0.2% (−32.7% to 35.9%) at 8weeks. Relative change in average SUVmax was the best predictor of change in tumor burden (all evaluable P=0.01; clear cell subtype P=0.02), with modest correlation. Baseline average SUVmax was correlated with overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) (P=0.023; 0.020), but not with change in tumor burden. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow-up PET scans in mRCC patients, but changes were only modestly correlated with changes in tumor size. Thus, clinical use of FDG-PET-based biomarkers is challenged by high variability.In this phase II trial, FDG-PET was explored as a predictive biomarker for response to everolimus (mTOR inhibition) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow-up FDG-PET scans in these patients. SUV changes were modestly correlated with changes in tumor size and baseline average SUVmax values were correlated with overall survival

The Coincidence Between Increasing Age, Immunosuppression, and the Incidence of Patients With Glioblastoma

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults and is associated with a median overall survival (mOS) of 16–21 months. Our previous work found a negative association between advanced aging and the survival benefit after treatment with immunotherapy in an experimental brain tumor model. Given the recent phase III clinical success of immunotherapy in patients with many types of cancer, but not for patients with GBM, we hypothesize that aging enhances immunosuppression in the brain and contributes to the lack of efficacy for immunotherapy to improve mOS in patients with malignant glioma. Herein, we compare epidemiological data for the incidence and mortality of patients with central nervous system (CNS) cancers, in addition to immune-related gene expression in the normal human brain, as well as peripheral blood immunological changes across the adult lifespan.Methods: Data were extracted from the National Cancer Institute’s surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER)-, the Broad Institute’s Genotype Tissue Expression project (GTEx)-, and the University of California San Francisco’s 10k Immunomes-databases and analyzed for associations with aging.Results: The proportion of elderly individuals, defined as ≥65 years of age, has predominantly increased for more than 100 years in the United States. Over time, the rise in elderly United States citizens has correlated with an increased incidence and mortality rate associated with primary brain and other CNS cancer. With advanced aging, human mRNA expression for factors associated with immunoregulation including immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), as well as the dendritic cell surface marker, CD11c, increase in the brain of normal human subjects, coincident with increased circulating immunosuppressive Tregs and decreased cytolytic CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood. Strikingly, these changes are maximally pronounced in the 60–69 year old group; consistent with the median age of a diagnosis for GBM.Conclusion: These data demonstrate a significant association between normal human aging and increased immunosuppression in the circulation and CNS; particularly late in life. Our data raise several hypotheses including that, aging: (i) progressively suppresses normal immunosurveillance and thereby contributes to GBM cell initiation and/or outgrowth; (ii) decreases immunotherapeutic efficacy against malignant glioma

Assessment of Radiologist Performance in the Detection of Lung Nodules

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Studies that evaluate the lung-nodule-detection performance of radiologists or computerized methods depend on an initial inventory of the nodules within the thoracic images (the “truth”). The purpose of this study was to analyze (1) variability in the “truth” defined by different combinations of experienced thoracic radiologists and (2) variability in the performance of other experienced thoracic radiologists based on these definitions of “truth” in the context of lung nodule detection on computed tomography (CT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five thoracic CT scans were reviewed by four thoracic radiologists, who independently marked lesions they considered to be nodules ≥ 3 mm in maximum diameter. Panel “truth” sets of nodules then were derived from the nodules marked by different combinations of two and three of these four radiologists. The nodule-detection performance of the other radiologists was evaluated based on these panel “truth” sets. RESULTS: The number of “true” nodules in the different panel “truth” sets ranged from 15–89 (mean: 49.8±25.6). The mean radiologist nodule-detection sensitivities across radiologists and panel “truth” sets for different panel “truth” conditions ranged from 51.0–83.2%; mean false-positive rates ranged from 0.33–1.39 per case. CONCLUSION: Substantial variability exists across radiologists in the task of lung nodule identification in CT scans. The definition of “truth” on which lung nodule detection studies are based must be carefully considered, since even experienced thoracic radiologists may not perform well when measured against the “truth” established by other experienced thoracic radiologists

The Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC): An Evaluation of Radiologist Variability in the Identification of Lung Nodules on CT Scans

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of experienced thoracic radiologists in the identification of lung nodules on CT scans and thereby to investigate variability in the establishment of the “truth” against which nodule-based studies are measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty CT scans were reviewed twice by four thoracic radiologists through a two-phase image annotation process. During the initial “blinded read” phase, radiologists independently marked lesions they identified as “nodule ≥ 3mm (diameter),” “nodule < 3mm,” or “non-nodule ≥ 3mm.” During the subsequent “unblinded read” phase, the blinded read results of all radiologists were revealed to each of the four radiologists, who then independently reviewed their marks along with the anonymous marks of their colleagues; a radiologist’s own marks then could be deleted, added, or left unchanged. This approach was developed to identify, as completely as possible, all nodules in a scan without requiring forced consensus. RESULTS: After the initial blinded read phase, a total of 71 lesions received “nodule ≥ 3mm” marks from at least one radiologist; however, all four radiologists assigned such marks to only 24 (33.8%) of these lesions. Following the unblinded reads, a total of 59 lesions were marked as “nodule ≥ 3 mm” by at least one radiologist. 27 (45.8%) of these lesions received such marks from all four radiologists, 3 (5.1%) were identified as such by three radiologists, 12 (20.3%) were identified by two radiologists, and 17 (28.8%) were identified by only a single radiologist. CONCLUSION: The two-phase image annotation process yields improved agreement among radiologists in the interpretation of nodules ≥ 3mm. Nevertheless, substantial variabilty remains across radiologists in the task of lung nodule identification

759281_supp_mat_final – Supplemental material for Restricted mean survival time: Does covariate adjustment improve precision in randomized clinical trials?

<p>Supplemental material, 759281_supp_mat_final for Restricted mean survival time: Does covariate adjustment improve precision in randomized clinical trials? by Theodore Karrison and Masha Kocherginsky in Clinical Trials</p

Supplemental Material, Supplementary_Tables_RoA_Rev1 - Transitions in Loneliness Among Older Adults: A 5-Year Follow-Up in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project

<p>Supplemental Material, Supplementary_Tables_RoA_Rev1 for Transitions in Loneliness Among Older Adults: A 5-Year Follow-Up in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project by Louise C. Hawkley and Masha Kocherginsky in Research on Aging</p