Detection of ochratoxin a in bulk tank milk

Okratoksin A (OTA), Aspergillus ve Penicillium türü mantarlar tarafından sentezlenen ve tahıl, kahve çekirdeği, fındık, kakao, bakliyat, bira, şarap, baharat ve kuru üzümde bulunabilen bir mikotoksindir. İnsanlarda ve hayvanlarda, OTA özellikle nefrotoksik, hepatotoksik, nörotoksik, embriyotoksik, immunotoksik, teratojenik ve karsinojenik etkiler gösterir. Okratoksin A kısmen kararlı bir moleküldür ve gıdalara uygulanan işlemlerden sonra bile değişmeden kalabilir. Bu çalışmada; Burdur bölgesinde bulunan süt toplama tanklarında (n:40) OTA varlığının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Örneklerde OTA varlığı ELISA kullanılarak analiz edildi. Analizler üreticinin talimatlarına göre yapıldı. Süt toplama tanklarından alınan 40 inek süt örneğinde (2-270 ng/l aralığında) OTA bulundu. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, inek sütünün insan beslenmesinde potansiyel bir OTA kaynağı olarak görülmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. OTA varlığını süt ürünlerinde daha yoğun bir şekilde incelenmesi ve gerekli mevzuat çalışmaları yapılarak maksimum limit değerlerinin belirlenmesi önerilmektedir.Ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species is a mycotoxin that contaminates different foods and feedstuffs, including cereals, coffee beans, nuts, cocoa, pulses, beer, wine, spices, dried vine fruits, meat, milk. In humans and animals, OTA has been observed to be particularly nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Ochratoxin A is a stable molecule and can remain unchanged even after the processes applied. In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of ochratoxin A in milk samples (n:40) collected from bulk tank milks in Burdur province of Turkey. The presence of OTA in the samples was analyzed by using ELISA. The analyzes were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. As a result, Ochratoxin A was found in 40 cow’s milk samples (range 2-270 ng/l) collected from bulk milk tanks. The results of this study show that cow’s milk should be considered as a potential OTA source in the human diet. It is proposed to examine the presence of OTA more intensively in dairy products and to determine their maximum limit values by conducting necessary studies

El efecto protector del ácido p-cumárico sobre la hepatotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad inducidas por tolueno en ratas

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. Materials and methods. A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley male rats, 8 in each group, were used. 4 groups were formed as control, toluene, p-CA and toluene+p-CA. Animals in the control group, toluene group and p-CA group were given 0.9% NaCl, 0.9 mg/kg b.w toluene and 100 mg/kg b.w p-CA orally for 21 days, respectively. The animals in toluene+p-CA group were received p-CA for 3 days and from day 4, toluene and p-CA were applied together daily until day 25. On the 25th day, the study was terminated, blood and tissue samples were collected. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels in serum, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the tissue samples were determined. Results. In this study, it was determined that there were significant increases in ALT and AST activities, and creatinine levels in toluene-induced group compared to control group. Moreover, there was a decrease in the GSH-Px activities and GSH levels, and an increase in the MDA levels compared to the control group. However, in the toluene+p-CA group, significant decreases in aminotransferases activities, creatinine and MDA levels, and significant increases in GSH-Px activities and GSH levels were determined compared to the toluene group. Conclusions. It has been determined that p-CA has a protective effect against toluene-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar el efecto protector del ácido p-cumárico (p-CA) contra la hepatotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad inducida por tolueno en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron un total de 32 ratas macho Sprague-Dawley, 8 en cada grupo. Se formaron 4 grupos: el de control, tolueno, p-CA y tolueno + p-CA. Los animales del grupo de control, el grupo de tolueno y el grupo de p-CA recibieron NaCl al 0.9%, 0.9 mg/kg de peso corporal de tolueno y 100 mg/kg de peso corporal de p-CA por vía oral durante 21 días, respectivamente. Resultados. En este estudio, se determinó que hubo aumentos significativos en las actividades de ALT y AST, y los niveles de creatinina en el grupo inducido por tolueno en comparación con el grupo de control. Además, hubo una disminución en las actividades de GSH-Px y los niveles de GSH, y un aumento en los niveles de MDA en comparación con el grupo de control. Sin embargo, en el grupo de tolueno + p-CA, se observaron disminuciones significativas en las actividades de las aminotransferasas, niveles de creatinina y MDA, y aumentos significativos en las actividades de GSH-Px y los niveles de GSH en comparación con el grupo de tolueno. Conclusiones. Se ha determinado que el p-CA tiene un efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad, nefrotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad inducidas por el tolueno

Kırıkkale ilinde süt ve yem örneklerinde aflatoksin kalıntısı araştırılması

Bu çalışmada Kırıkkale ilindeki sütçü inek işletmelerinden toplanan yem ve süt örneklerinde total aflatoksin (AF) ve aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) kontaminasyonuna bakıldı. Türkiye, Kırıkkale İlindeki ilçelerden (Delice, Keskin, Sulakyurt, Bahşılı, Yahşihan, Çelebi, Karakeçili, Balışeyh) ve merkezden Haziran 2012 - Ağustos 2013 tarihleri arasında 154 yem ve 154 süt örneği toplandı. Toplanan numunelerdeki total AF ve AFM1' in kantitatif analizi, ticari kitlerle (HELICA biosystems inc.) enzim bağlı immünoassay (ELISA) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Tüm yem ve süt örneklerinde total AF ve AFMsaptanmıştır. 154 yem örneğinden 5'inde total AF miktarı 20 µg/kg'ın üstünde bulunmuştur. Süt örneklerinin hiçbiri yasal sınırı aşmamıştır. Süt yemlerinde toplam AF düzeyi minumum 0.20 µg/kg, maksimum 28.80 µg/kg olarak tespit edilmiştir ve ortalaması 6.43±7.01 µg/kg'dir. Süt örneklerinde AFM1düzeyi minimum 0.08 ng/L, maksimum 10.11 ng/L tespit edilmiştir ve ortalaması 1.73 ±2.20 ng/L'dir. Sonuç olarak, tüm süt örneklerinde AFM1 kalıntısı bulunsa da bu yasal düzeyin üstünde değildir. Yem örneklerinin ise sadece %3.25 kadarı 20 µg/kg üzerinde total AF içermektedir. Halk sağlığı yönünden AFM1 bir risk oluşturmamaktadır. Aflatoksin bulaşmalarının önüne geçmek için stratejiler geliştirilmeli ve izleme programları oluşturulmalıdırIn this study total aflatoxin (AF) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM) contamination in feed and milk samples obtained from the dairy cow farms in Kırıkkale region were studied. A total of 154 dairy cow feed and 154 raw milk samples were obtained from the villages (Delice, Keskin, Sulakyurt, Bahşılı, Yahşihan, Çelebi, Karakeçili, Balışeyh) and central of Kırıkkale province, Turkey, between the years June 2012- August 2013. The quantitative analysis of total AF and AFM1 in the collected samples were carried out using an enzyme-linked-immunoassay (ELISA) with commercial kits (HELICA biosystems inc.). Total AF was detected in all feed samples and also AFM1 contamination was found in all of the milk samples. In 5 of 154 feed samples the total AF’s were above 20 µg/kg. In none of the milk samples AF was above the legal limit. The mean AF residue level for concentrated feed was 6.43±7.01 µg/kg, and ranged from 0.20 µg/kg to 28.80 µg/kg. The mean AFM1 residue for milk samples was 1.73±2.20 ng/L, and ranged from 0.08 ng/L to 10.11 ng/L. In conclusion although all of the milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, the amounts were within the legal limits that are allowed in milk. On the other hand in 3.25% of the feed samples, total AF was above 20 µg/kg. The occurrence of AFM1 may not be considered as a possible risk for public health. Strategies and monitoring programs to prevent aflatoxin contamination is recommende