Property Rights, Institutions and Source of Fuel Wood in Rural Ethiopia

This study examines the relationship between property rights, defined by land tenure security and the strength of local-level institutions, and household demand for fuel wood, as measured by the source from which fuel wood is collected. A multinomial regression model is applied to survey data collected in rural Ethiopia. Results from the discrete choice model indicate that active local-level institutions increase household dependency on open access forests, while land security reduces open access forest dependence. However, local-level institutions are found to reduce the role of private fuel wood sources, while tenure security has not, at least yet, had any impact on private fuel wood source collection activities. The results suggest that there is a need to bring more open access forests under the management of the community and increase the quality of community forestry management in order to realize improvements in forest conservationproperty rights, institutions, fuel wood, rural, Ethiopia

In silico EST-SSRs Analysis in UniGene of Quercus robur L.

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the most important tree componentsof Europe’s forest ecosystems, possessing both ecological and economical value. Development of genomic resources, such as genetic markers, is needed to support geneconservation and tree improvement activities. Experimental methods to develop SSR markers are laborious, time consuming and expensive, while in silico approaches havebecome a practicable and inexpensive alternative in genetic studies. The aim of this studywas to characterize simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers and functional annotationof SSR containing sequences in Q. robur unigene sequences. 7170 unigene sequences(5147.315 kb) of Q. robur were downloaded from National Center for BiotechnologyInformation (NCBI). A total of 475 (6.62 %) unigene sequences containing 525 SSRs (microsatellites) were identified by using MISA software. The average frequency ofmicrosatellites was found, on average, one in every 9.8 kb of sequence. The analysisrevealed that tri-nucleotide repeats (42.6%) were most abundant followed by dinucleotide(36.9%), hexa-nucleotide (11.8%), penta-nucleotide (4.9%) and tetra-nucleotiderepeats (3.8%), respectively. Flanking sequences of the 525 SSRs generated 500 primers(95.2%) with forward and reverse strands by using Primer3 software. Gene based SSRmarkers can be used for studies of genetic diversity, population genetics, geneticmapping, gene tagging and more. Large numbers of unigenes containing SSRs (77.4%),annotations were available 46.75% of which were predicted, 23.91% were hypothetical,8.83% were putative and 20.51% belonged to other protein types. Only 22.5% sequencecould not assign to any specific protein class

Potential algebra approach to position dependent mass Schroedinger equation

It is shown that for a class of position dependent mass Schroedinger equation the shape invariance condition is equivalent to a potential symmetry algebra. Explicit realization of such algebras have been obtained for some shape invariant potentials

Agricultural Academy

Abstract TORUK, F. and F. KOC, 2009. Effects on silage quality and aerobic stability of different compaction levels in sunflower silage. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., In this study, the effects of different compaction levels on the silage quality and aerobic stability of sunflower silage harvested at the beginning (BFS) and end of the flowering (EFS) stages were investigated. Four compaction applications (no compaction (NC), compaction with 150 kPa (C1), 248 kPa (C2) and 498 kPa (C3)) were done in the study. Each treatment was ensiled for 50 days in PVC type's silos with three replications. Temperature variations were recorded with 5 days interval after opening the silos to detect the aerobic stability of the treatments. It was observed that compaction levels had significant effect on some quality criteria of the BFS and EFS stages. Statistically significant differences were found among the values of pH, DM, NH 3 -N, NH 3 -N/TN, WSC, NDF and ADF in BFS stage against all parameters expect NDF and ADF in EFS stage. Silage characteristics were affected positive increasing compaction levels. Different compaction levels after the opening did not considerable effects on the aerobic stability

An Iterative and Toolchain-Based Approach to Automate Scanning and Mapping Computer Networks

As today's organizational computer networks are ever evolving and becoming more and more complex, finding potential vulnerabilities and conducting security audits has become a crucial element in securing these networks. The first step in auditing a network is reconnaissance by mapping it to get a comprehensive overview over its structure. The growing complexity, however, makes this task increasingly effortful, even more as mapping (instead of plain scanning), presently, still involves a lot of manual work. Therefore, the concept proposed in this paper automates the scanning and mapping of unknown and non-cooperative computer networks in order to find security weaknesses or verify access controls. It further helps to conduct audits by allowing comparing documented with actual networks and finding unauthorized network devices, as well as evaluating access control methods by conducting delta scans. It uses a novel approach of augmenting data from iteratively chained existing scanning tools with context, using genuine analytics modules to allow assessing a network's topology instead of just generating a list of scanned devices. It further contains a visualization model that provides a clear, lucid topology map and a special graph for comparative analysis. The goal is to provide maximum insight with a minimum of a priori knowledge.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Analytical Solutions of Klein-Gordon Equation with Position-Dependent Mass for q-Parameter Poschl-Teller potential

The energy eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon equation with q-parameter Poschl-Teller potential are analytically obtained within the position-dependent mass formalism. The parametric generalization of the Nikiforov-Uvarov method is used in the calculations by choosing a mass distribution.Comment: 10 page

A quantum exactly solvable non-linear oscillator related with the isotonic oscillator

A nonpolynomial one-dimensional quantum potential representing an oscillator, that can be considered as placed in the middle between the harmonic oscillator and the isotonic oscillator (harmonic oscillator with a centripetal barrier), is studied. First the general case, that depends of a parameter $a$, is considered and then a particular case is studied with great detail. It is proven that it is Schr\"odinger solvable and then the wave functions $\Psi_n$ and the energies $E_n$ of the bound states are explicitly obtained. Finally it is proven that the solutions determine a family of orthogonal polynomials ${\cal P}_n(x)$ related with the Hermite polynomials and such that: (i) Every ${\cal P}_n$ is a linear combination of three Hermite polynomials, and (ii) They are orthogonal with respect to a new measure obtained by modifying the classic Hermite measure.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure

A generalized quantum nonlinear oscillator

We examine various generalizations, e.g. exactly solvable, quasi-exactly solvable and non-Hermitian variants, of a quantum nonlinear oscillator. For all these cases, the same mass function has been used and it has also been shown that the new exactly solvable potentials possess shape invariance symmetry. The solutions are obtained in terms of classical orthogonal polynomials

Coherent state of a nonlinear oscillator and its revival dynamics

The coherent state of a nonlinear oscillator having a nonlinear spectrum is constructed using Gazeau Klauder formalism. The weighting distribution and the Mandel parameter are studied. Details of the revival structure arising from different time scales underlying the quadratic energy spectrum are investigated by the phase analysis of the autocorrelation function

Identificación de genes relacionados con la tolerancia a la sequía en 41 variedades de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

The objective of the research was to identify the genes related to drought tolerance in quinoa. For this, 41 varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd were evaluated with six repetitions; in the flowering stage, three pots/material, of each variety, were randomly selected to be induced to total drought for two weeks, resuming irrigation after that period, the other three were the control. From day 27 after sowing, the chlorophyll level was measured and classified as tolerant or susceptible to drought, based on its chlorophyll content index (CCI). For the identification of genes, leaf samples of three varieties were taken (Red head, Salcedo INIA and Kankolla 1). RNA Extraction was performed using reagent® TRI reagent and for the transcriptome sequencing the Ilumina platform was used. 26 genes were identified in the three varieties of quinoa, but in the drought tolerant varieties; three of them are regulated upwards when exposed to drought and five genes (AUR62037809, AUR62000271, AUR62037807, AUR62042825 AUR62009791) have a change in their pattern of expression as a result of drought exposure.El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los genes relacionados con la tolerancia a la sequía en la quinua. Para ello, se evaluaron 41 variedades de Chenopodium quinoa Willd con seis repeticiones; en la etapa de floración, se seleccionaron al azar tres macetas/material, de cada variedad, para ser inducidas a sequía total por dos semanas, reanudándose el riego después de ese periodo, las otras tres fueron el control. A partir del día 27 después de la siembra, se midió el nivel de clorofila y se clasificó como tolerante o susceptible a la sequía, en función de su índice de contenido clorofila (ICC). Para la identificación de genes se tomaron muestras de hoja de tres variedades (Red head, Salcedo INIA y Kankolla 1). La Extracción del ARN se realizó usando el reactivo reagent® TRI y para el secuenciamiento de transcriptomas se utilizó la plataforma de Ilumina. Se identificaron 26 genes en las tres variedades de quinua, pero en las variedades tolerantes a la sequía; tres de ellos son regulados al alza ante la exposición a la sequía y cinco genes (AUR62037809, AUR62000271, AUR62037807, AUR62042825 AUR62009791) tienen un cambio en su patrón de expresión como consecuencia de la exposición a la sequía