Parliament membership during the single-party system in Turkey (1925-1945)

The official legitimization of the single-party regime in Turkey lay with Parliament, which, as a representative of the people, controlled the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. However, the parliamentary period after 1925 was highlighted by a lack of freedom of speech, with scope for political discussion limited. This paper aims to establish the role of MPs during this period. At the head of the single-party system, the President was free to choose every party member for Parliament. This meant competition was very restricted, be it in the form of short-lived opposition parties or independent candidates. During the selection process, some social classes, for example high-ranking officer and bureaucrats were privileged. These two groups were the most common in Parliament. On the other hand, local ties were sometimes respected by the regime: rural notables with close relations with party headquarters were easily elected, and remained in Parliament. A MPs’ chance of re-election was significant if he performed his duty with loyalty to the party. The author underlines a stabilization of political personnel throughout this period

Ey tarihçi belgen kadar konuş: belgesel bir Teşkilatı Mahsusa öyküsü

Kaynaklarda sunulan bilgilerden hareketle Teşkilâtı Mahsusa hakkındaki bilgilerden bahsetmektedir

Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925-1945)

The official legitimization of the single-party regime in Turkey lay with Parliament, which, as a representative of the people, controlled the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. However, the parliamentary period after 1925 was highlighted by a lack of freedom of speech, with scope for political discussion limited. This paper aims to establish the role of MPs during this period. At the head of the single-party system, the President was free to choose every party member for Parliament. This meant competition was very restricted, be it in the form of short-lived opposition parties or independent candidates. During the selection process, some social classes, for example high-ranking officer and bureaucrats were privileged. These two groups were the most common in Parliament. On the other hand, local ties were sometimes respected by the regime: rural notables with close relations with party headquarters were easily elected, and remained in Parliament. A MPs’ chance of re-election was significant if he performed his duty with loyalty to the party. The author underlines a stabilization of political personnel throughout this period

Is Ginger Effective in Reducing Post-tonsillectomy Morbidity? A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial

Objectives An assessment of the effects of ginger on pain, nausea, vomiting, bleeding, and wound site healing that occur after tonsillectomy. Methods This prospective clinical study was participated by 49 patients aged 18–45 years out of 56 patients that underwent tonsillectomy and regularly attended follow-up visits. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 23 patients that used ginger capsules and group 2 consisted of 26 patients that did not use ginger capsules in addition to the routine antibiotic and paracetamol treatment following tonsillectomy. The pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding scores of patients were assessed on days 1, 4, 7, and 10 by using the visual analogue scale. Similarly, the epithelialization degrees of tonsillar bed were assessed on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, and 10 and regular oral intake times of patients were recorded. Results There were no differences between groups in terms of age and sex. On the postoperative days 1, 4, 7, and 10, the pain scores were lower in the group 1 (all P<0.001) and there were no differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and bleeding scores (P=0.35 and P=0.53). On the postoperative days 7 and 10, epithelialization in the tonsil bed was quicker in the group 1 (P=0.041 and P=0.026) and the regular oral intake time was earlier in group 1 (P<0.001). Conclusion In this study, ginger relieved pain, accelerated wound site epithelialization, and decreased duration of oral intake following tonsillectomy. It did not result in postoperative bleeding or any other complications. Ginger can be recommended as an adjunct to routine medical treatment for decreasing morbidity following tonsillectomy

Çalışanların iş tatmin düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Muğla Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü örneği)

Günümüz çalışma hayatında iş tatmininin artan önemi ve ormancılık sektöründeki çalışmaların yetersizliği, bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkışındaki başlıca nedenlerdir. Çalışmanın amacı, yöneticilerin tatmin düzeylerini belirlemek ve böylece gereken tedbirlerin alınabilmesi için öneriler sunmaktır. Çalışmada veri elde etmek için anket yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesi için bağımsız iki örnek t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışanların, işin niteliği ve çalışma koşullarına, çalışma arkadaşlarına ve iletişim ve kurum imajına ilişkin tatmin düzeyleri yüksek çıkmıştır. Çalışanların en fazla tatminsizlik duydukları faktörün ücret olduğu ve yaş ilerledikçe ücrete bağlı tatminsizliğin arttığı bulunmuştur. Çalışanların iş tatmin düzeylerini arttırmak için daha iyi ücret politikaları uygulanmalı ve sosyal imkânlar iyileştirilmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş tatmini, Varyans analizi, Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Muğl

Active shrinkage protects neurons following axonal transection

Trauma, vascular events, or neurodegenerative processes can lead to axonal injury and eventual transection (axotomy). Neurons can survive axotomy, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Excessive water entry into injured neurons poses a particular risk due to swelling and subsequent death. Using in vitro and in vivo neurotrauma model systems based on laser transection and surgical nerve cut, we demonstrated that axotomy triggers actomyosin contraction coupled with calpain activity. As a consequence, neurons shrink acutely to force water out through aquaporin channels preventing swelling and bursting. Inhibiting shrinkage increased the probability of neuronal cell death by about 3-fold. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized cytoprotective response mechanism to neurotrauma and offer a fresh perspective on pathophysiological processes in the nervous system.Yüzüncü Yıl Universit