State Immunity And The Promise Of Jus Cogens

On June 1, 2010, the Supreme Court of the United States held in that the U.S. statute governing the sovereign immunity of foreign states, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA), does not cover the immunity claims of individual foreign officials. The Supreme Court\u27s decision comes as the human rights advocacy community has increasingly challenged the jurisdictional immunity of states and their officials before the courts of foreign states in cases involving human rights violations. One legal argument frequently raised in order to bring a change in practice postulates that the rules on sovereign immunity are defeated when the violations amount to the breach of a peremptory norm of international law, or jus cogens. This claim is featured prominently in several of the amicus curiae briefs submitted in where the petitioner has allegedly violated a rule of peremptory characternamely the prohibition of torture. This article seeks to analyze the impact of peremptory norms of international law on immunity assertions. Does the breach of a jus cogens norm, i.e., a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted result in the loss of immunity of the state or its representative alleged to have violated the norm? This article first outlines the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity and the notion of jus cogens. Next, it considers whether, under international law, an exception to the immunity of foreign states or foreign officials has emerged in cases involving jus cogens violations, and examines the arguments commonly raised to that effect. Finally, it undertakes an analysis of relevant U.S. case law involving jus cogens and foreign sovereign immunity, in an effort to explore how domestic courts in the U.S. have dealt with the issue and which trends can be expected in light of Samanta

State Immunity And The Promise Of Jus Cogens

On June 1, 2010, the Supreme Court of the United States held in that the U.S. statute governing the sovereign immunity of foreign states, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA), does not cover the immunity claims of individual foreign officials. The Supreme Court\u27s decision comes as the human rights advocacy community has increasingly challenged the jurisdictional immunity of states and their officials before the courts of foreign states in cases involving human rights violations. One legal argument frequently raised in order to bring a change in practice postulates that the rules on sovereign immunity are defeated when the violations amount to the breach of a peremptory norm of international law, or jus cogens. This claim is featured prominently in several of the amicus curiae briefs submitted in where the petitioner has allegedly violated a rule of peremptory characternamely the prohibition of torture. This article seeks to analyze the impact of peremptory norms of international law on immunity assertions. Does the breach of a jus cogens norm, i.e., a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted result in the loss of immunity of the state or its representative alleged to have violated the norm? This article first outlines the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity and the notion of jus cogens. Next, it considers whether, under international law, an exception to the immunity of foreign states or foreign officials has emerged in cases involving jus cogens violations, and examines the arguments commonly raised to that effect. Finally, it undertakes an analysis of relevant U.S. case law involving jus cogens and foreign sovereign immunity, in an effort to explore how domestic courts in the U.S. have dealt with the issue and which trends can be expected in light of Samanta

Teaching Symmetry in the Elementary Curriculum

Symmetry is a fundamental part of geometry, nature, and shapes. It creates patterns that help us organize our world conceptually. We see symmetry every day but often don’t realize it. People use concepts of symmetry, including translations, rotations, reflections, and tessellations as part of their careers. Examples of careers that incorporate these ideas are artists, craftspeople, musicians, choreographers, and not to mention, mathematicians. It is important for students to grasp the concepts of geometry and symmetry while at the elementary level as a means of exposing them to things they see everyday that aren’t obviously related to mathematics but have a strong foundation in it. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics grades 3-5 should be able to apply transformations and use symmetry to analyze mathematical situations. This includes predicting and describing the results of sliding, flipping, and turning two-dimensional shapes. They should also be able to describe a motion or a series of motions that will show that two shapes are congruent, and identify and describe line and rotational symmetry in 2 and 3-dimensional shapes and designs. The Montana State Standards for Mathematics are in line with NCTM’s standards indicating that by the end of grade 4 students will be able to identify lines of symmetry, congruent and similar shapes, and positional relationships. Geometry software is a very important tool in developing and testing individual ideas in the classroom. Students can make their own conjectures and “see” them as they are tested, making a connection between what they were thinking and a visual for what is really happening. For a lot of students this is all that is needed to make something “click” inside their heads that tells them “oh, yeah, now I get it”. By showing students that symmetry and it’s properties surround us in the world we live in gives them a greater appreciation for the wide-reaching arms of mathematics and how we really do use math throughout our lives beyond the basic adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. We can use dynamic geometry software to let students explore and create the concepts that we are trying to teach. Students will soon be pointing out symmetry and visualizing how shapes move around in our world

An Introduction to Kogi Grammar

Die Dissertation "An Introduction to Kogi Grammar" ist eine Einführung in die Grammatik des Kogi, einer Sprache, die von etwa 16’000 Menschen in der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta im Norden Kolumbiens gesprochen wird. Kogi gehört der Arhuaco-Untergruppe an, welche ein Teil der Chibcha-Sprachfamilie ist. Die vorliegende Untersuchung basiert auf Daten aus erster Hand, die während zehn Monaten Feldforschung zwischen 2016 und 2020 in Zusammenarbeit mit Kogi-Muttersprachler:innen erhoben wurden. Die Arbeit bietet Hintergrundinformationen über die Sprache und ihre Sprecher:innen. Zudem beinhaltet sie eine Beschreibung der folgenden Themen: Phonologie, Wortklassen, Nomen und Nominalphrasen, Adjektive, Verbflexion und -derivation, Argumentenmarkierung und grammatische Relationen, und komplexe Sätze

Fibroblast surface-associated FGF-2 promotes contact-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion through FGFR-SRC signaling and integrin αvβ5-mediated adhesion.

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts were reported to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion by secreting motility factors and extracellular matrix processing enzymes. Less is known whether fibroblasts may induce CRC cancer cell motility by contact-dependent mechanisms. To address this question we characterized the interaction between fibroblasts and SW620 and HT29 colorectal cancer cells in 2D and 3D co-culture models in vitro. Here we show that fibroblasts induce contact-dependent cancer cell elongation, motility and invasiveness independently of deposited matrix or secreted factors. These effects depend on fibroblast cell surface-associated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) -2. Inhibition of FGF-2 or FGF receptors (FGFRs) signaling abolishes these effects. FGFRs activate SRC in cancer cells and inhibition or silencing of SRC in cancer cells, but not in fibroblasts, prevents fibroblasts-mediated effects. Using an RGD-based integrin antagonist and function-blocking antibodies we demonstrate that cancer cell adhesion to fibroblasts requires integrin αvβ5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that fibroblasts induce cell-contact-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion under 2D and 3D conditions in vitro through fibroblast cell surface-associated FGF-2, FGF receptor-mediated SRC activation and αvβ5 integrin-dependent cancer cell adhesion to fibroblasts. The FGF-2-FGFRs-SRC-αvβ5 integrin loop might be explored as candidate therapeutic target to block colorectal cancer invasion

Evaluación del uso de los Encabezamientos de materia en el catálogo colectivo CIRBIC frente al uso de palabras de cualquier campo para la recuperación de la información

El objeto del estudio es evaluar la recuperación temática de documentos en el catálogo CIRBIC-Libros partiendo de la búsqueda en los ficheros de palabras PA (no controlado por generarse de cualquier campo bibliográfico), y PTL y PMT (controlados ya que provienen de encabezamientos normalizados: títulos y series y encabezamientos de materia)