8 research outputs found
Use of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on sepabeads for the amyl caprylate synthesis: Batch and fluidized bed reactor study
Lipase from Candida rugosa was covalently immobilized on Sepabeads
EC-EP for application for amyl caprylate synthesis in an organic
solvent system. Several solvents were tested in terms of biocatalyst
stability and the best result was obtained with isooctane. The
lipase-catalyzed esterification in the selected system was performed in
batch and fluidized bed reactor systems. The influence of several
important reaction parameters including temperature, initial water
content, enzyme loading, acid/alcohol molar ratio, and time of addition
of molecular sieves is carefully analyzed by means of an experimental
design. Almost complete conversion (> 99%) of the substrate to ester
could be performed in a batch reactor system, using lipase loading as
low as 37 mg g-1 dry support and in a relatively short time (24 hrs) at
37°C, when high initial substrate molar ratio of 2.2 is used.
Kinetics in a fluidized bed reactor system seems to still have a
slightly better profile than in the batch system (90.2% yields after 14
hrs). The fluidized bed reactor operated for up 70 hrs almost with no
loss in productivity, implying that the proposed process and the
immobilized system could provide a promising approach for the amyl
caprylate synthesis at the industrial scale
Cross-cultural consistency and relativity in the enjoyment of thinking versus doing
© 2018 American Psychological Association. Which is more enjoyable: trying to think enjoyable thoughts or doing everyday solitary activities? Wilson et al. (2014) found that American participants much preferred solitary everyday activities, such as reading or watching TV, to thinking for pleasure. To see whether this preference generalized outside of the United States, we replicated the study with 2,557 participants from 12 sites in 11 countries. The results were consistent in every country: Participants randomly assigned to do something reported significantly greater enjoyment than did participants randomly assigned to think for pleasure. Although we found systematic differences by country in how much participants enjoyed thinking for pleasure, we used a series of nested structural equation models to show that these differences were fully accounted for by country-level variation in 5 individual differences, 4 of which were positively correlated with thinking for pleasure (need for cognition, openness to experience, meditation experience, and initial positive affect) and 1 of which was negatively correlated (reported phone usage).status: publishe