INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SEA SHIP EXECUTION RELATED TO BAD CREDIT

Purpose: As ocean transportation instrument, the ocean vessel has an important role in improving the growth of economic rate, particularly naval economic business. The high cost of ocean vessel make businessmen difficult to acquire business capital, so they propose the application of credit and ocean vessel is made into mortgage. Although Indonesia is party in International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages 1993, there is not any specific regulation arranging the execution of ocean vessel registered in Indonesia up to now. International Civil Law considers efforts to settle the issues must be started up by contract and agreement in advance. Based on the description, it is necessary to analyse to which extent International Civil Law might settle issues on the execution of ocean vessel and to which extent a court must pay attention and recognize foreign legal verdicts or rights emerged based on Foreign Court Verdicts or laws. Methodology: This study uses a normative juridical approach, the study of which refers to legal norms contained in the legislation, court decisions and legal norms that exist in society. The research specifications used are descriptive analytics. The sources of legal materials used are primary and secondary data and data collection techniques carried out by means of library research, interviews and observations. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique in this paper uses qualitative analysis. Main Findings:  An international agreement or agreement must contain a legal choice that will be used later because it will be a very complex problem if it is not determined from the beginning of the law which will be used if a dispute occurs. Ships that can be secured by mortgages are registered ships and ships weighing more than 20m3. In carrying out ship executions even though Indonesia has ratified the 1993 International Convention on Liens and Mortgage, the provisions for the execution of ships in Indonesia still refer to the provisions contained in Article 224 HIR or RIB and Article 258 Rbg. Implications/Applications: This study will be helpful for practitioners and law-making authorities in formulating different policies and amendments in existing international law on the implementation of the sea ship execution related to bad credit

Towards a realistic in vitro experience of epidural Tuohy needle insertion.

The amount of pressure exerted on the syringe and the depth of needle insertion are the two key factors for successfully carrying out epidural procedure. The force feedback from the syringe plunger is helpful in judging the loss of pressure, and the depth of the needle insertion is crucial in identifying when the needle is precisely placed in the epidural space. This article presents the development of two novel wireless devices to measure these parameters to precisely guide the needle placement in the epidural space. These techniques can be directly used on patients or implemented in a simulator for improving the safety of procedure. A pilot trial has been conducted to collect depth and pressure data with the devices on a porcine cadaver. These measurements are then combined to accurately configure a haptic device for creating a realistic in vitro experience of epidural needle insertion

Dehydroepiandrosterone exerts antiglucocorticoid action on human preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and glucose uptake

Glucocorticoids increase adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, a process underpinned by the local reactivation of inactive cortisone to active cortisol within adipocytes catalyzed by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). The adrenal sex steroid precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to inhibit 11β-HSD1 in murine adipocytes; however, rodent adrenals do not produce DHEA physiologically. Here, we aimed to determine the effects and underlying mechanisms of the potential antiglucocorticoid action of DHEA and its sulfate ester DHEAS in human preadipocytes. Utilizing a human subcutaneous preadipocyte cell line, Chub-S7, we examined the metabolism and effects of DHEA in human adipocytes, including adipocyte proliferation, differentiation, 11β-HSD1 expression, and activity and glucose uptake. DHEA, but not DHEAS, significantly inhibited preadipocyte proliferation via cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase independent of sex steroid and glucocorticoid receptor activation. 11β-HSD1 oxoreductase activity in differentiated adipocytes was inhibited by DHEA. DHEA coincubated with cortisone significantly inhibited preadipocyte differentiation, which was assessed by the expression of markers of early (LPL) and terminal (G3PDH) adipocyte differentiation. Coincubation with cortisol, negating the requirement for 11β-HSD1 oxoreductase activity, diminished the inhibitory effect of DHEA. Further consistent with glucocorticoidopposing effects of DHEA, insulin-independent glucose uptake was significantly enhanced by DHEA treatment. DHEA increases basal glucose uptake and inhibits human preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, thereby exerting an antiglucocorticoid action. DHEA inhibition of the amplification of glucocorticoid action mediated by 11β-HSD1 contributes to the inhibitory effect of DHEA on human preadipocyte differentiation

An improved critical plane and cycle counting method to assess damage under variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue loading

The plane with the maximum variance of the resolved shear stress is taken as the critical plane. Two algorithms are used along with the maximum variance method (MVM) to determine the orientation of the critical plane. The maximum variance of the normal stress on the potential critical planes is calculated to determine the one experiencing the maximum extent of fatigue damage. A new multiaxial cycle counting method is proposed to count cycles on the critical plane. The modified Wöhler curve method is used to assess fatigue damage. About 200 experimental results were collected from the technical literature to validate the approaches being proposed. The results show that the improved design technique being proposed is successful in assessing fatigue damage under variable amplitude multiaxial cyclic loading

Mothers' perceptions of child weight status and the subsequent weight gain of their children : a population based longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: There is a plethora of cross sectional work on maternal perceptions of child weight status showing that mothers typically do not classify their overweight child as being overweight according to commonly used clinical criteria. Awareness of overweight in their child is regarded as an important prerequisite for mothers to initiate appropriate action. The gap in the literature is determining whether, if mothers do classify their overweight child's weight status correctly, this is associated with a positive outcome for the child's body mass index (BMI) at a later stage. OBJECTIVE: To explore longitudinal perceptions of child weight status from mothers of a contemporary population-based birth cohort (Gateshead Millennium Study) and relationships of these perceptions with future child weight gain. METHODS: Data collected in the same cohort at 7, 12 and 15 years of age: mothers' responses to two items concerning their child's body size; child's and mother's BMI; pubertal maturation; demographic information. RESULTS: Mothers' perceptions of whether their child was overweight did not change markedly over time. Child BMI was the only significant predictor of mothers' classification of overweight status, and it was only at the extreme end of the overweight range and in the obese range that mothers reliably described their child as overweight. Even when mothers did appropriately classify their child as overweight at an earlier stage, this was not related to relatively lower child BMI a few years later. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers tend to classify their child as overweight in only more extreme cases. It is an important finding that no beneficial impact was shown on later child BMI in overweight children whose mothers classified their child's weight status as overweight at an earlier stage.International Journal of Obesity accepted article preview online, 25 January 2017. doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.20

Cultural longevity: Morin on cultural lineages

Morin has written a rich and valuable book. Its main aim is to isolate the factors involved in maintaining behavioural lineages over time, and to understand how these factors might interact. In doing so, it takes issue with the abstract and idealised models and arguments of dual-inheritance theorists, which are alleged in this account to rely on an overly simplistic notion of imitative learning. Morin’s book is full of ethnographic, anthropological, and psychological research, and there is much to commend in it. However, Morin’s arguments against the dual-inheritance theorists are less convincing when put under scrutiny, and his positive picture which includes appeals to ostensive communication, intrinsic appeal and cultural attraction has some difficulties. I argue that when we contrast dual-inheritance theorists and Morin, we find that there may be fewer differences and greater commonalities than Morin’s book might suggest.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-015-9506-

Resource distributions affect social learning on multiple timescales

We study how learning is shaped by foraging opportunities and self-organizing processes and how this impacts on the effects of “copying what neighbors eat” on multiple timescales. We use an individual-based model with a rich environment, where group foragers learn what to eat. We vary foraging opportunities by changing local variation in resources, studying copying in environments with pure patches, varied patches, and uniform distributed resources. We find that copying can help individuals explore the environment by sharing information, but this depends on how foraging opportunities shape the learning process. Copying has the greatest impact in varied patches, where local resource variation makes learning difficult, but local resource abundance makes copying easy. In contrast, copying is redundant or excessive in pure patches where learning is easy, and mostly ineffective in uniform environments where learning is difficult. Our results reveal that the mediation of copying behavior by individual experience is crucial for the impact of copying. Moreover, we find that the dynamics of social learning at short timescales shapes cultural phenomena. In fact, the integration of learning on short and long timescales generates cumulative cultural improvement in diet. Our results therefore provide insight into how and when such processes can arise. These insights need to be taken into account when considering behavioral patterns in nature