A Systematic Analysis of Supernova Light in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

We systematically reanalyzed all Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) afterglow data published through the end of 2002, in an attempt to detect the predicted supernova light component and to gain statistical insight on its phenomenological properties. We fit the observed photometric light curves as the sum of an afterglow, an underlying host galaxy, and a supernova component. The latter is modeled using published multi-color light curves of SN 1998bw as a template. The total sample of afterglows with established redshifts contains 21 bursts (GRB 970228 - GRB 021211). For nine of these GRBs a weak supernova excess (scaled to SN 1998bw) was found, what makes this to one of the first samples of high-z core collapse supernovae. Among this sample are all bursts with redshifts less than ~0.7. These results strongly support the notion that in fact all afterglows of long-duration GRBs contain light from an associated supernova. A statistics of the physical parameters of these GRB-supernovae shows that SN 1998bw was at the bright end of its class, while it was not special with respect to its light curve shape. Finally, we have searched for a potential correlation of the supernova luminosities with the properties of the corresponding bursts and optical afterglows, but we have not found such a relation.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ApJ; revised, shortened and updated compared to version 1; Title slightly changed; all figures showing individual afterglow light curves removed, as advised by the referee; conclusions unchange

Precise Laplace asymptotics for singular stochastic PDEs: The case of 2D gPAM

We implement a Laplace method for the renormalised solution to the generalised 2D Parabolic Anderson Model (gPAM) driven by a small spatial white noise. Our work rests upon Hairer's theory of regularity structures which allows to generalise classical ideas of Azencott and Ben Arous on path space as well as Aida and Inahama and Kawabi on rough path space to the space of models. The technical cornerstone of our argument is a Taylor expansion of the solution in the noise intensity parameter: We prove precise bounds for its terms and the remainder and use them to estimate asymptotically irrevelant terms to arbitrary order. While most of our arguments are not specific to gPAM, we also outline how to adapt those that are.Comment: 85 pages, 3 figure

The Dust Emission Potential of Agricultural-Like Fires—Theoretical Estimates From Two Conceptually Different Dust Emission Parameterizations

Agricultural fires affecting grass-, crop- and shrublands represent a major, mainly anthropogenically driven disturbance of many ecosystems. In addition to emissions of carbonaceous aerosol, they were found to inject also mineral dust particles into the atmosphere. The fires can significantly modulate the near-surface wind patterns so that conditions suitable for dust emission occur. However, the exact emission mechanism has not been investigated so far, but is inevitable for the understanding of its impacts on the Earth system. Here, we test two dust emission parameterizations representing saltation bombardment (SALT) and direct aerodynamic dust entrainment by (convective) turbulence (convective turbulent dust emission, CTDE) in the context of fire-modulated wind patterns using large-eddy simulation with an idealized setup to represent typical agricultural fire settings. Favorable aerodynamic preconditions for the initialization of both emission processes are found, however, with sometimes significant differences in dust emission flux depending on specific wind and fire properties. The strong fire-induced modulations of the instantaneous momentum flux suggest that CTDE can be a very potent emission process in the fire vicinity. Nevertheless, fire impacts on the friction velocity can be significant too, so that dust emission through SALT is facilitated as well. Ultimately, the specific aerodynamic conditions within pyro-convectively modulated wind patterns require the development of a parameterization that can describe these unique fire-related dust emissions and their influencing factors properly. This will finally allow for considering fire-induced dust emissions in aerosol-atmosphere models and an investigation of its atmospheric impacts such as on the radiation budget

Sleep drive reconfigures wake-promoting clock circuitry to regulate adaptive behavior

Circadian rhythms help animals synchronize motivated behaviors to match environmental demands. Recent evidence indicates that clock neurons influence the timing of behavior by differentially altering the activity of a distributed network of downstream neurons. Downstream circuits can be remodeled by Hebbian plasticity, synaptic scaling, and, under some circumstances, activity-dependent addition of cell surface receptors; the role of this receptor respecification phenomena is not well studied. We demonstrate that high sleep pressure quickly reprograms the wake-promoting large ventrolateral clock neurons to express the pigment dispersing factor receptor (PDFR). The addition of this signaling input into the circuit is associated with increased waking and early mating success. The respecification of PDFR in both young and adult large ventrolateral neurons requires 2 dopamine (DA) receptors and activation of the transcriptional regulator nejire (cAMP response element-binding protein [CREBBP]). These data identify receptor respecification as an important mechanism to sculpt circuit function to match sleep levels with demand

The Dust Emission Potential of Agricultural-Like Fires—Theoretical Estimates From Two Conceptually Different Dust Emission Parameterizations

Agricultural fires affecting grass-, crop- and shrublands represent a major, mainly anthropogenically driven disturbance of many ecosystems. In addition to emissions of carbonaceous aerosol, they were found to inject also mineral dust particles into the atmosphere. The fires can significantly modulate the near-surface wind patterns so that conditions suitable for dust emission occur. However, the exact emission mechanism has not been investigated so far, but is inevitable for the understanding of its impacts on the Earth system. Here, we test two dust emission parameterizations representing saltation bombardment (SALT) and direct aerodynamic dust entrainment by (convective) turbulence (convective turbulent dust emission, CTDE) in the context of fire-modulated wind patterns using large-eddy simulation with an idealized setup to represent typical agricultural fire settings. Favorable aerodynamic preconditions for the initialization of both emission processes are found, however, with sometimes significant differences in dust emission flux depending on specific wind and fire properties. The strong fire-induced modulations of the instantaneous momentum flux suggest that CTDE can be a very potent emission process in the fire vicinity. Nevertheless, fire impacts on the friction velocity can be significant too, so that dust emission through SALT is facilitated as well. Ultimately, the specific aerodynamic conditions within pyro-convectively modulated wind patterns require the development of a parameterization that can describe these unique fire-related dust emissions and their influencing factors properly. This will finally allow for considering fire-induced dust emissions in aerosol-atmosphere models and an investigation of its atmospheric impacts such as on the radiation budget

World-sheet scattering in AdS_5 x S^5 at two loops

We study the AdS_5 x S^5 sigma-model truncated to the near-flat-space limit to two-loops in perturbation theory. In addition to extending previously known one-loop results to the full SU(2|2)^2 S-matrix we calculate the two-loop correction to the dispersion relation and then compute the complete two-loop S-matrix. The result of the perturbative calculation can be compared with the appropriate limit of the conjectured S-matrix for the full theory and complete agreement is found.Comment: 26pages, 3 figure

GRB afterglow light curves in the pre-Swift era - a statistical study

We present the results of a systematic analysis of the world sample of optical/near-infrared afterglow light curves observed in the pre-Swift era by the end of 2004. After selecting the best observed 16 afterglows with well-sampled light curves that can be described by a Beuermann equation, we explore the parameter space of the light curve parameters and physical quantities related to them. In addition, we search for correlations between these parameters and the corresponding gamma-ray data, and we use our data set to look for a fine structure in the light curves.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ; Version 2: minor changes, one figure adde

Modeling of stress-strain state of cement-sand grouting on foundation deformation

The application of jet grouting has been becoming more widespread in the reinforcement of building foundations. This technique depends on the characteristic features of the foundation soil, relevant type of foundation and surrounding conditions. The numerical analysis was carried out with three typical load intensities, proving that the intensity of the foundation settlement being influenced by the growth of soil stiffness and strength. The calculation of vertical soil displacements is 7.9 mm before underpinning, while it is 6.5 mm after underpinning. It is defined that the use of jet structures to strengthen the ground base allows to increase the rigidity of the base and to reduce its vertical movement by 20%. The hypothetical displacements were identified of the base by varying of its mechanical properties to the optimal values