HERSCHEL OBSERVATIONS OF EXTRA-ORDINARY SOURCES: H2S AS A PROBE OF DENSE GAS AND POSSIBLY HIDDEN LUMINOSITY TOWARD THE ORION KL HOT CORE

We present Herschel/HIFI observations of the light hydride H2S obtained from the full spectral scan of the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula (Orion KL) taken as part of the Herschel Observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources GT (guaranteed time) key program. In total, we observe 52, 24, and 8 unblended or slightly blended features from H2 32S, H2 34S, and H2 33S, respectively. We only analyze emission from the so-called hot core, but emission from the plateau, extended ridge, and/or compact ridge are also detected. Rotation diagrams for ortho and para H2S follow straight lines given the uncertainties and yield T rot = 141 ± 12 K. This indicates H2S is in local thermodynamic equilibrium and is well characterized by a single kinetic temperature or an intense far-IR radiation field is redistributing the population to produce the observed trend. We argue the latter scenario is more probable and find that the most highly excited states (E up gsim 1000 K) are likely populated primarily by radiation pumping. We derive a column density, N tot(H2 32S) = 9.5 ± 1.9 × 1017 cm–2, gas kinetic temperature, T kin = 120$\pm ^{13}_{10}$ K, and constrain the H2 volume density, $n_{\rm H_2}$ gsim 9 × 10 7 cm–3, for the H2S emitting gas. These results point to an H2S origin in markedly dense, heavily embedded gas, possibly in close proximity to a hidden self-luminous source (or sources), which are conceivably responsible for Orion KL's high luminosity. We also derive an H2S ortho/para ratio of 1.7 ± 0.8 and set an upper limit for HDS/H2S of <4.9 × 10 –3

Herschel Observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources: H_2S as a Probe of Dense Gas and Possibly Hidden Luminosity Toward the Orion KL Hot Core

We present Herschel/HIFI observations of the light hydride H_2S obtained from the full spectral scan of the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula (Orion KL) taken as part of the Herschel Observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources GT (guaranteed time) key program. In total, we observe 52, 24, and 8 unblended or slightly blended features from H_2^(32)S, H_2^(34)S, and H_2^(33)S, respectively. We only analyze emission from the so-called hot core, but emission from the plateau, extended ridge, and/or compact ridge are also detected. Rotation diagrams for ortho and para H_2S follow straight lines given the uncertainties and yield T_(rot) = 141 ± 12 K. This indicates H_2S is in local thermodynamic equilibrium and is well characterized by a single kinetic temperature or an intense far-IR radiation field is redistributing the population to produce the observed trend. We argue the latter scenario is more probable and find that the most highly excited states (E_(up) ≳ 1000 K) are likely populated primarily by radiation pumping. We derive a column density, N_(tot)(H_2^(32)S) = 9.5 ± 1.9 × 10^(17) cm^(–2), gas kinetic temperature, T_(kin) = 120±^(13)_(10) K, and constrain the H_2 volume density, n_H_2 ≳ 9 × 10^7 cm^(–3), for the H_2S emitting gas. These results point to an H_2S origin in markedly dense, heavily embedded gas, possibly in close proximity to a hidden self-luminous source (or sources), which are conceivably responsible for Orion KL's high luminosity. We also derive an H_2S ortho/para ratio of 1.7 ± 0.8 and set an upper limit for HDS/H_2S of <4.9 × 10^(–3)

Herschel Observations of Extraordinary Sources: Analysis of the HIFI 1.2 THz Wide Spectral Survey toward Orion KL. I. Methods

We present a comprehensive analysis of a broadband spectral line survey of the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula (Orion KL), one of the most chemically rich regions in the Galaxy, using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. This survey spans a frequency range from 480 to 1907 GHz at a resolution of 1.1 MHz. These observations thus encompass the largest spectral coverage ever obtained toward this high-mass star-forming region in the submillimeter with high spectral resolution and include frequencies >1 THz, where the Earth's atmosphere prevents observations from the ground. In all, we detect emission from 39 molecules (79 isotopologues). Combining this data set with ground-based millimeter spectroscopy obtained with the IRAM 30 m telescope, we model the molecular emission from the millimeter to the far-IR using the XCLASS program, which assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Several molecules are also modeled with the MADEX non-LTE code. Because of the wide frequency coverage, our models are constrained by transitions over an unprecedented range in excitation energy. A reduced χ^2 analysis indicates that models for most species reproduce the observed emission well. In particular, most complex organics are well fit by LTE implying gas densities are high (>10^6 cm^(–3)) and excitation temperatures and column densities are well constrained. Molecular abundances are computed using H_2 column densities also derived from the HIFI survey. The distribution of rotation temperatures, T_(rot), for molecules detected toward the hot core is significantly wider than the compact ridge, plateau, and extended ridge T_(rot) distributions, indicating the hot core has the most complex thermal structure

How robust are community-based plant bioindicators? Empirical testing of the relationship between Ellenberg values and direct environmental measures in woodland communities

There are several community-based bioindicator systems that use species presence or abundance data as proxies for environmental variables. One example is the Ellenberg system, whereby vegetation data are used to estimate environmental soil conditions. Despite widespread use of Ellenberg values in ecological research, the correlation between bioindicated values and actual values is often an implicit assumption rather than based on empirical evidence. Here, we correlate unadjusted and UK-adjusted Ellenberg values for soil moisture, pH, and nitrate in relation to direct environmental measures for 50 woodland sites in the UK, which were subject to repeat sampling. Our results show the accuracy of Ellenberg values is parameter specific; pH values were a good proxy for direct environmental measures but this was not true for soil moisture, when relationships were weak and non-significant. For nitrates, there were important seasonal differences, with a strong positive logarithmic relationship in the spring but a non-significant (and negative) correlation in summer. The UK-adjusted values were better than, or equivalent to, Ellenberg’s original ones, which had been quantified originally for Central Europe, in all cases. Somewhat surprisingly, unweighted values correlated with direct environmental measures better than did abundance-weighted ones. This suggests that the presence of rare plants can be highly important in accurate quantification of soil parameters and we recommend using an unweighted approach. However, site profiles created only using rare plants were inferior to profiles based on the whole plant community and thus cannot be used in isolation. We conclude that, for pH and nitrates, the Ellenberg system provides a useful estimate of actual conditions, but recalibration of moisture values should be considered along with the effect of seasonality on the efficacy of the system

Determinants of housing affordability in the region

The issue of providing the population with affordable housing is one of the most pressing social concerns. Each region necessitates a distinct approach. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that influence a housing affordability level in the region, analyze the impact mechanisms inherent in them, and assess the quantitative impact of these factors on the housing affordability index. The following factors have a direct impact on housing affordability: the rate of inflation, the population size, the cost of housing, the loan interest rate, the rate of housing construction, the investment scale, the income level of the population, and the economic system's overall development level. The quantitative assessment of the cumulative impact of these factors on the level of housing affordability is based on building a regression model describing how the housing affordability index in the region depends on multiple factors and assessing its reliability. The simulation model confirmed that the supply, demand, and housing market conditions have the greatest impact on housing affordability in the region

Management of patients with dry eye syndrome with systemic autoimmune and infectious diseases

Chernakova G.M.1, Kleshcheva E.A.2 1 S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow 2 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow It is known, that instability and hyperosmolarity of the tear film, inflammation and damage to the eye surface play a leading role in the pathogenesis of dry eye syndrome (DES), as well as neurosensory disorders. Multifactority of this pathology, along with poorly understood pathophysiology and the potential progressive nature of the course of the disease, limited range of diagnostic tests, creates difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of DES. The article considers the features of the clinical course of DES against the background of systemic autoimmune and chronic infectious diseases. The review highlights the key aspects of pathogenesis and current therapy of DES in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, as well as in patients with HIV infection, viral hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr virus. The common pathogenetic processes of development of DES in patients with systemic infectious and non-infectious diseases allows to consider the reduction of oxidative stress as the main direction of the drug therapy. Undoubtedly, systemic therapy of the underlying disease is mandatory, however,&nbsp; it is the ophthalmologist’s responsibility to identify symptoms of tear production decrease against the background of these diseases, to establish the severity of DES and to prescribe therapy that improves the quality of life of patients. Key words: dry eye syndrome, systemic autoimmune diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, antioxidant therapy, Artelac Splash, Artelac Balance. For citation: Chernakova G.M., Kleshcheva E.A. Management of patients with dry eye syndrome with systemic autoimmune and infectious diseases. RMJ “Clinical ophthalmology”. 2018;2:–90.<br

Basic stimulating factors and limitations of the development of crude finance

The world experience in the development of crowdfunding is studied. The main factors stimulating the development of the crowdfinance market are identified. The problems and limitations of the development of crowdfunding in the Republic of Belarus are described

Automation of point cloud formation based on data obtained by photogrammetry using Metashape software

В работе представлены результаты съемки элементов интерьера на объекте культурного наследия. Показана обработка результата сканирования. Получены облака точек и ортофотопланы. Написан скрипт для автоматизации работы в программном обеспечении Metashape.The paper presents the results of shooting interior elements at a cultural heritage site. The processing of the scan result is shown. Point clouds and orthophotoplanes were obtained. A script has been written to automate work in the Metashape software