Translation, the French language and the United Irishmen (1792-1804)

This thesis examines how language barriers were overcome in contacts between the United Irishmen and France from 1793 to 1804, drawing on relevant theoretical models on bilingualism, oral and written translation and sociolinguistics. The impressive lobbying of key Irish envoys, most notably Theobald Wolfe Tone, led to the Bantry expedition (1796) and Humbert’s short-lived invasion of Mayo (1798), yet linguistic and communicative dimensions of this international chapter of Insh history have been overlooked. Key episodes, when translation and interpretation facilitated communication between English and French speakers, are identified. The translator’s complex role as linguistic and cultural mediator is also demonstrated within the historic context of the times. Driven by circumstances to become ad hoc translators, the Insh in France fulfilled a purposeful activity in tense political and military settings. Because they also acted as advocates for their cause, emphasis is placed on the human agency at-the heart of mtercultural exchanges. Tone’s awareness of bilingualism as a consequence of exile is discussed through rich insights from his diary, many of which echo current studies on culture shock, adult second-language acquisition and natural translation. His collaboration with the Irish translators Nicholas Madgett, head of the French government’s Bureau de traduction, and John Sullivan, is also discussed Madgett and Sullivan translated propaganda throughout the most turbulent episode of the French Revolution, and their narrative sheds new light on the history of the profession. The thesis concludes with the final overtures made by Robert and Thomas Addis Emmet to Napoleon

Rhétorique de la souveraineté nationale irlandaise : Theobald Wolfe Tone et la République française, 1796-1798

Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763-1798), révolutionnaire irlandais, officier français et premier grand martyr de la liberté de son pays, sera panthéonisé dans la mémoire irlandaise suite à la publication de ses écrits en 1826. Dans le journal qu’il rédige lors de sa mission clandestine en France, il devient le premier à énoncer le projet moderne de souveraineté irlandaise et d’une république démocratique. Reconnu comme le père fondateur du nationalisme irlandais, il sera l’objet d’un culte mémoriel dès le centenaire de la rébellion de 1798, et adulé par la génération de militants qui conduira l’insurrection de 1916 pour achever ce qu’il avait tenté d’accomplir. Tone est pourtant absent dans les débats et événements marquant le centenaire de 1916. Il est donc opportun de se pencher de nouveau sur la manière dont la première République française forme le cadre déterminant de cette phase charnière du nationalisme irlandais.Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763-1798), Irish revolutionary, French officer, and Ireland’s first true martyr of liberty, was ‘pantheonised’ after his writings were published in 1826. The diary he kept during his clandestine mission to France allowed him to become the first to formulate a modern project for Irish sovereignty and a democratic republic. Recognised as the founding father of Irish nationalism, he was also the subject of a cult of memory around the time of the centenary of the 1798 rebellion, and then adulated by the generation of physical-force nationalists who launched the 1916 rising to complete what he had tried to achieve. Tone however remained absent in the debates and events marking the centenary of the rising. It is therefore timely to revisit the manner in which the first French republic was the defining framework of this first crucial phase of Irish nationalism

« Un brave de plus ». La carrière militaire de Theobald Wolfe Tone, héros du nationalisme irlandais et officier français, 1796-1798

Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763-1798) est un des héros les plus vénérés de l'histoire du nationalisme irlandais. En 1796, persuadé que seule une révolution armée peut aboutir à l'émancipation de son pays, il se rend clandestinement en France où il devient officier et adjudant-général du général Hoche. Sa présence héroïque lors des tentatives françaises de débarquement en Irlande, sa condamnation à mort en novembre 1798 et son suicide dans une prison en feront un martyr de la liberté, « panthéonisé » par ses compatriotes. La publication en 1826 d'un journal éloquent et touchant le révèle comme chroniqueur habile des campagnes du Directoire et de la vie quotidienne dans l'armée française, « l'école de la nation ». Dès son enfance, il avait rêvé d'être soldat et, jusqu'à son dernier souffle, il portera avec fierté et audace son uniforme d'officier français. Pourtant, sa carrière militaire demeure un chapitre inconnu de l'histoire française."The bravest of the brave." The military career of Theobald Wolfe Tone, hero of Irish nationalism and French officer, 1796-1798.   Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763-1798) is one of the most revered heroes in the history of Irish nationalism. In 1796, convinced that only an armed revolution could lead to the freeing of his country he traveled secretly to France where he became an officer and Adjutant-General of General Hoche. His heroic presence during French attempts to land in Ireland, his condemnation to death in November 1798 and his suicide in prison made him a martyr of liberty, "pantheonized" by his compatriots. The publication in 1826 of an eloquent and touching journal revealed him as the adept chronicler of the campaigns of the Directory and daily life in the French army, "the school of the nation." Since his childhood he had dreamed of being a soldier and until his last breath, he proudly and boldly wore his French officer’s uniform. Yet his military career remains an unknown chapter of French history

Marie-Monique Léoutre, Serving France, Ireland and England: Ruvigny, Earl of Galway, 1648-1720

Anyone even vaguely familiar with the history of French Protestant exiles to Ireland in the 1600s will identify their settlement at Portarlington, straddling the borders of counties Laois and Offaly, as the second most important outside Dublin. There, French was used in church services until the 1820s, and the area is proud of this Huguenot heritage. But outside scholarly circles, few if any would recognise the name of Henri de Massue, second marquis de Ruvigny (1648-1720), who had establishe..

Marnie Hay, Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909-1923: Scouting for Rebels

By the late 19th century, the Gaelic Cultural Revival had popularised early Irish myths and the heroic tales of Fionn Mac Cumhaill, the boy hero and his band of young warriors, the Fianna. “Fenians”, an anglicised version, had become an umbrella term for an international network of Irish militant separatists, but they evidently live on (in both guises?) in Ireland’s national anthem, Amhrán na bhFiann. When Constance Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson founded a nationalist uniformed youth group in D..

Invading Basement Membrane Matrix Is Sufficient for MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells to Develop a Stable In Vivo Metastatic Phenotype

1 - ArticleIntroduction: The poor efficacy of various anti-cancer treatments against metastatic cells has focused attention on the role of tumor microenvironment in cancer progression. To understand the contribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment to this phenomenon, we isolated ECM surrogate invading cell populations from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and studied their genotype and malignant phenotype. Methods: We isolated invasive subpopulations (INV) from non invasive populations (REF) using a 2D-Matrigel assay, a surrogate of basal membrane passage. INV and REF populations were investigated by microarray assay and for their capacities to adhere, invade and transmigrate in vitro, and to form metastases in nude mice. Results: REF and INV subpopulations were stable in culture and present different transcriptome profiles. INV cells were characterized by reduced expression of cell adhesion and cell-cell junction genes (44% of down regulated genes) and by a gain in expression of anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic gene sets. In line with this observation, in vitro INV cells showed reduced adhesion and increased motility through endothelial monolayers and fibronectin. When injected into the circulation, INV cells induced metastases formation, and reduced injected mice survival by up to 80% as compared to REF cells. In nude mice, INV xenografts grew rapidly inducing vessel formation and displaying resistance to apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that the in vitro ECM microenvironment per se was sufficient to select for tumor cells with a stable metastatic phenotype in vivo characterized by loss of adhesion molecules expression and induction of proangiogenic and survival factors

Da aplicação à implicação na antropologia médica: leituras políticas, históricas e narrativas do mundo do adoecimento e da saúde

Revisa parte da literatura da antropologia médica contemporânea, guiando-se pela orientação/implicação política na escolha de seus objetos de estudo, na análise e na construção de soluções para os problemas investigados. A partir de narrativas de antropólogos, evidenciam-se as bases históricas e sociopolíticas que caracterizaram o campo em seus países de origem ou de migração. No panorama traçado das três principais vertentes contemporâneas – as antropologias médica crítica, do sofrimento e do biopoder –, são caracterizadas escolhas teóricas e temáticas para atender à demanda de “politização” do debate antropológico na saúde, defendendo-se uma antropologia médica “implicada”

The process of recovery of people with mental illness: The perspectives of patients, family members and care providers: Part 1

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is a qualitative design study that examines points of divergence and convergence in the perspectives on recovery of 36 participants or 12 triads. Each triad comprising a patient, a family member/friend, a care provider and documents the procedural, analytic of triangulating perspectives as a means of understanding the recovery process which is illustrated by four case studies. Variations are considered as they relate to individual characteristics, type of participant (patient, family, member/friend and care provider), and mental illness. This paper which is part of a larger study and is based on a qualitative research design documents the process of recovery of people with mental illness: Developing a Model of Recovery in Mental Health: A middle range theory.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>Data were collected in field notes through semi-structured interviews based on three interview guides (one for patients, one for family members/friends, and one for caregivers). Cross analysis and triangulation methods were used to analyse the areas of convergence and divergence on the recovery process of all triads.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In general, with the 36 participants united in 12 triads, two themes emerge from the cross-analysis process or triangulation of data sources (12 triads analysis in 12 cases studies). Two themes emerge from the analysis process of the content of 36 interviews with participants: (1) <it>Revealing dynamic context</it>, situating patients in their dynamic context; and (2) <it>Relationship issues in a recovery process</it>, furthering our understanding of such issues. We provide four case studies examples (among 12 cases studies) to illustrate the variations in the way recovery is perceived, interpreted and expressed in relation to the different contexts of interaction.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The perspectives of the three participants (patients, family members/friends and care providers) suggest that recovery depends on constructing meaning around mental illness experiences and that the process is based on each person's dynamic context (e.g., social network, relationship), life experiences and other social determinants (e.g., symptoms, environment). The findings of this study add to existing knowledge about the determinants of the recovery of persons suffering with a mental illness and significant other utilizing public mental health services in Montreal, Canada.</p

La Paix au château ? L’occupation française de l’Irlande en 1798 : traduction, accommodements, perceptions de l’autre

Le 22 septembre 1797 eut lieu à Bonn une fête célébrant conjointement l’établissement de la République française et celle de la nouvelle République cisrhénane. Aux côtés des officiers français se trouvait un Irlandais exilé, dont les profonds sentiments républicains le disposaient à tout sacrifier pour l’émancipation de son pays. Pour cet avocat de formation, devenu dans ce but militaire de métier, son engagement dans l’armée de Sambre et Meuse représentait le seul moyen de rompre le lien dét..