Alors, la Chinoiserie? The Figure of China in Theorizations of World Literature

Chinese writing occupies a privileged position in current academic discussions of world literature.While China as defined within world literature serves as a test case for questions of nativist and universalist values, in the process it finds itself defined as a nation par excellence. Arguing that such definition constitutes a kind of 21st century chinoiserie, I proceed to question the place of China in the literary theories that inform the discussions of world literature, pinpointing part of this chinoiserie on confusion about the role and performance of translation. I then offer a tactical approach to how China and Chinese literature can be re-translated and re-theorized, pointing a way forward from its current confinement within the chinoiserie described.postprin

A Dissonance of Discourses: Literary Theory, Ideology, and Translation in Mo Yan and Chinese Literary Studies

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Same Difference: Xi Chuan’s Notes on the Mosquito and the Translation of Poetry, Prose Poetry, and Prose

As Jade Green as Bok Choy: there is a crowd of commoners as purple as red cabbage—the line epitomizes something of my translation of the selected poems of contemporary Chinese poet Xi Chuan 西川 (b. 1963, penname of Liu Jun 刘军), which we titled Notes on the Mosquito (New Directions, 2012). The line comes from my version of 'The Distance' 远方, a poem dedicated to Anna Akhmtova, and like her writing on someone else’s draft, where 'a word which is not mine / Occasionally shows through' (D.M. Thomas’s translation), Xi Chuan is often in dialogue with other currents of world poetry. As he wrote them, though, these purple commoners are perhaps paradigmatically Chinese, which is to say their description speaks to Chinese conceptions of reality in colloquially Chinese idioms:有一群百姓像白菜一样翠绿.postprin

Indic Echoes: Form, Content, & World Literature in Tang Dynasty Regulated Verse

Can the methods of reading literature in translation extend to readings of texts in the language of their writing? Engaging with current discussions of world literature, “Indic Echoes” treats medieval Chinese regulated verse (lüshi 律詩) as translation, reading poems in that form in terms of foreignization and nativization to examine not only the cultural significance of influence from Indic languages and culture, but also for what it discloses about the constitution of “Chineseness” in the literary tradition

Dislocating Language into Meaning: Difficult Anglophone Poetry and Chinese Poetics in Translation—Toward a Culturally Translatable Li Shangyin

T. S. Eliot wrote, “We can only say that it appears likely that poets in our civilization, as it exists at present, must be difficult” (“The Metaphysical Poets” 248). But what of poets outside “our” civilization? This article considers the translation of the famously—or infamously—difficult poet Li Shangyin (c. 813–858) in light of the history of poetry translation from Chinese into English, which, from Coleridge to Prynne, coincides with and even helped create the history of poetic difficulty in English. My argument here concerns the elements of Li Shangyin that can be crystallized and made relevant for the present through translation into English.postprin

Active transforming growth factor-β is associated with phenotypic changes in granulomas after drug treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy clears bacterial burden in the lungs of patients and allows the tuberculous lesions to heal through a fibrotic process. The healing process leaves pulmonary scar tissue that can impair lung function. The goal of this study was to identify fibrotic mediators as a stepping-stone to begin exploring mechanisms of tissue repair in TB. Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome stain were utilized to determine levels of collagenization in tuberculous granulomas from non-human primates. Immunohistochemistry was then employed to further interrogate these granulomas for markers associated with fibrogenesis, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), phosphorylated SMAD-2/3, and CD163. These markers were compared across states of drug treatment using one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's test was used to determine the association of these markers with one another. Results: TGFβ and αSMA were present in granulomas from primates with active TB disease. These molecules were reduced in abundance after TB chemotherapy. Phosphorylated SMAD-2/3, a signaling intermediate of TGFβ, was observed in greater amounts after 1 month of drug treatment than in active disease, suggesting that this particular pathway is blocked in active disease. Collagen production during tissue repair is strongly associated with TGFβ in this model, but not with CD163+ macrophages. Conclusions: Tissue repair and fibrosis in TB that occurs during drug treatment is associated with active TGFβ that is produced during active disease. Further work will identify mechanisms of fibrosis and work towards mitigating lung impairment with treatments that target those mechanisms

Two Cheers For Diversity: An Experimental Study Of Micro-level Heterogeneity In Problemistic Search

In this paper, we argue for an expanded view of problemistic search. Recent behavioral theory research suggests that individual search preferences influence problemistic search. We draw on this to challenge the view of problemistic search as a centrally directed organizational process that proceeds sequentially from local to distant search. We argue that search activities in organizations are heterogeneous – some individuals will first engage in local search while others may move directly to distant search. We propose that problemistic search at the macroorganizational level is therefore the result of a mix of local and distant search activities at the micro-level that shifts towards distant search in response to negative performance evaluation. We test this idea in a laboratory experiment using a repetitive task and performance feedback

The signalling channel of Central Bank interventions:modelling the Yen/US dollar exchange rate

This paper presents a theoretical framework analysing the signalling channel of exchange rate interventions as an informational trigger. We develop an implicit target zone framework with learning in order to model the signalling channel. The theoretical premise of the model is that interventions convey signals that communicate information about the exchange rate objectives of the central bank. The model is used to analyse the impact of Japanese FX interventions during the period 1999--2011 on the yen/US dollar dynamics

A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis of Methyl Aminolevulinate Photodynamic Therapy Consultation at the Hospital de Braga

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment for actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and Bowen's disease (BD). The object of this study was to describe the results of a retrospective analysis of patients treated with methyl aminolevulinate PDT (MAL-PDT) with red light, over the past decade at the Hospital de Braga (Braga, Portugal)