Impact of Secondary Acceleration in Gamma-Ray Bursts

We discuss the acceleration of secondary muons, pions, and kaons in gamma-ray bursts within the internal shock scenario, and their impact on the neutrino fluxes. We introduce a two-zone model consisting of an acceleration zone (the shocks) and a radiation zone (the plasma downstream the shocks). The acceleration in the shocks, which is an unavoidable consequence of the efficient proton acceleration, requires efficient transport from the radiation back to the acceleration zone. On the other hand, stochastic acceleration in the radiation zone can enhance the secondary spectra of muons and kaons significantly if there is a sufficiently large turbulent region. Overall, it is plausible that neutrino spectra can be enhanced by up to a factor of two at the peak by stochastic acceleration, that an additional spectral peaks appears from shock acceleration of the secondary muons and pions, and that the neutrino production from kaon decays is enhanced. Depending on the GRB parameters, the general conclusions concerning the limits to the internal shock scenario obtained by recent IceCube and ANTARES analyses may be affected by up to a factor of two by secondary acceleration. Most of the changes occur at energies above 10^7 GeV, so the effects for next-generation radio-detection experiments will be more pronounced. In the future, however, if GRBs are detected as high-energy neutrino sources, the detection of one or several pronounced peaks around 10^6 GeV or higher energies could help to derive the basic properties of the magnetic field strength in the GRB.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Death in the City of Light : The Culture of Death in Paris from the Middle Ages through the Nineteenth Century

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Languages and Literature of Bard College

DNP Proposal: Delirium Prevention Protocol

Purpose and Rationale: To implement a delirium prevention (DP) sleep protocol to at risk intensive care unit (ICU) patients to reduce delirium incidence and duration. Synthesis of Evidence: A review of one clinical practice guideline, eight systematic reviews and meta-analysis, four randomized controlled trials, nine quasi-experimental trials, and one qualitative study provided evidence that interventions targeted to improve patients’ sleep may decrease delirium incidence and duration in adult patients in the ICU