Changes in the spatial concentration of employment across US counties : a sectoral analysis 1972–2000.

Using US county data, we estimate employment growth equations to analyze how the spatial distribution of jobs has changed between 1972 and 2000. We find that total employment has become increasingly concentrated. This aggregate picture hides important sectoral differences though: whereas non-service employment has been spreading out, service jobs have clustered in areas of high aggregate employment. By controlling for employment at different distances, we explicitly take into account the spatial dimension. This allows us to conclude that the spreading out of non-service jobs has benefitted counties 20 to 70 km away from large agglomerations, whereas the concentration of services has come at the expense of jobs in the surrounding 20 kilometers.Economic geography; Spatial economics; US counties; Sectoral employment;

The changing spatial distribution of economic activity across U.S. counties.

This paper studies the recent trends in the spatial distribution of economic activity in the United States. Using county-level employment data for 13 sector -which cover the entire economy- we apply semi-parametric techniques to estimate how agglometarion and congestion effects have changed between 1972 and 1992. Non-service sectors are found to be spreading out and moving away from centers of high economic activity to areas 20 to 60 kilometers away; service sectors, on the contrary, are increasingly concentrating in areas of high economic activity by attracting jobs from the surrounding 20 kilometers.Economic geography; Spatial externalities; U.S. counties;

Music evoked emotions are different-more often aesthetic than utilitarian

We disagree with Juslin & Västfjäll's (J&V's) thesis that music-evoked emotions are indistinguishable from other emotions in both their nature and underlying mechanisms and that music just induces some emotions more frequently than others. Empirical evidence suggests that frequency differences reflect the specific nature of music-evoked emotions: aesthetic and reactive rather than utilitarian and proactive. Additional mechanisms and determinants are suggested as predictors of emotions triggered by musi

The changing spatial distribution of economic activity across U.S. counties

This paper studies the recent trends in the spatial distribution of economic activity in the United States. Using county-level employment data for 13 sector -which cover the entire economy- we apply semi-parametric techniques to estimate how agglometarion and congestion effects have changed between 1972 and 1992. Non-service sectors are found to be spreading out and moving away from centers of high economic activity to areas 20 to 60 kilometers away; service sectors, on the contrary, are increasingly concentrating in areas of high economic activity by attracting jobs from the surrounding 20 kilometers

Employment concentration across U.S. counties

This paper examines the spatial distribution of jobs across U.S. counties between 1970 and 2000, and investigates whether sectoral employment is becoming more or less concentrated. The existing literature has found deconcentration (convergence) of employment across urban areas. Cities only cover a small part of the U.S. though. Using county data, our results indicate that deconcentration is limited to the upper tail of the distribution. The overall picture is one of increasing concentration (divergence). While this seemingly contradicts the well documented deconcentration in manufacturing, we show that these aggregate employment dynamics are driven by services. Non-service sectors – such as manufacturing and farming – are indeed becoming more equally spread across space, but services are becoming increasingly concentrated.Financial aid from the Spanish Ministry of Education (SEJ2005-05831), the Ramón y Cajal program, the Comunidad de Madrid (06/0096/2003), and the Fundación Ramón Areces is gratefully acknowledgedPublicad

Gone after one orbit: How cluster environments quench galaxies

The effect of galactic orbits on a galaxy's internal evolution within a galaxy cluster environment has been the focus of heated debate in recent years. To understand this connection, we use both the $(0.5 \,$Gpc)$^3$ and the Gpc$^3$ boxes from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation set Magneticum Pathfinder. We investigate the velocity-anisotropy, phase space, and the orbital evolution of up to $\sim 5 \cdot 10^{5}$ resolved satellite galaxies within our sample of 6776 clusters with $M_{\mathrm{vir}} > 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ at low redshift, which we also trace back in time. In agreement with observations, we find that star-forming satellite galaxies inside galaxy clusters are characterised by more radially dominated orbits, independent of cluster mass. Furthermore, the vast majority of star-forming satellite galaxies stop forming stars during their first passage. We find a strong dichotomy both in line-of-sight and radial phase space between star-forming and quiescent galaxies, in line with observations. The tracking of individual orbits shows that the star-formation of almost all satellite galaxies drops to zero within $1 \, \mathrm{Gyr}$ after in-fall. Satellite galaxies that are able to remain star-forming longer are characterised by tangential orbits and high stellar mass. All this indicates that in galaxy clusters the dominant quenching mechanism is ram-pressure stripping.Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures, accepted by MNRA

Branchenwechsel im Bauhauptgewerbe : eine Analyse der IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe für die Jahre 1980 bis 1995 (Changes of trade in the core construction industry : an analysis of the IAB employment sample for the years 1980 to 1995)

"Owing to specific production conditions, the construction labour market is characterised by a relatively high level of employment inconstancy compared with other industries. 'Employment flexibility' in the form of frequent changes of employer and regular periods of unemployment characterise the daily working life of construction workers. Although figures are available on the extent and the development of the fluctuation on the construction labour market, there is hardly any empirical data on the inflow into and the outflow from the building trade. Nevertheless it is assumed in relevant literature that the construction labour market shows firstly higher rates of outflow from the trade and secondly lower rates of inflow than is the case in other branches of the economy. With the aid of the data from the IAB employment sample (IABS), this paper examines the trade mobility in western Germany's core construction industry between 1980 and 1995; the engineering industry is used by way of comparison. Although at first in a general examination it can be seen that at least until the beginning of the 1990s the construction industry did in fact show higher rates of outflow than engineering, a more complex analysis shows, however, that this could be put down above all to the outflow of unemployed construction workers and relatively young unskilled workers. In contrast, the core construction industry managed at least as well as the engineering industry in the period under review to bind skilled employees or to 'recruit' them from other industries. In addition to this, workers returning to the construction industry or to a construction firm play a considerably more important role on the whole in this context than is the case in engineering. Ultimately the results show that employment flexibility and labour market regulation need not be mutually exclusive in principle. It is rather more to be assumed that the reason why the building trade manages both to bind skilled employees to the industry and to gain skilled personnel from other industries is that the construction-specific regulation system cushions the greater employment risks for employees and firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Baugewerbe, IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe, Beschäftigungsentwicklung, Beschäftigtenstruktur, zwischenbetriebliche Mobilität, Wiederbeschäftigung, Maschinenbau

Relationship between the entomologic inoculation rate and the force of infection for Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

We propose a stochastic model for the relationship between the entomologic inoculation rate (EIR) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria and the force of infection in endemic areas. The model incorporates effects of increased exposure to mosquito bites as a result of the growth in body surface area with the age of the host, naturally acquired pre-erythrocytic immunity, and the reduction in the proportion of entomologically assessed inoculations leading to infection, as the EIR increases. It is fitted to multiple datasets from field studies of the relationship between malaria infection and the EIR. We propose that this model can account for non-monotonic relationships between the age of the host and the parasite prevalence and incidence of disease. It provides a parsimonious explanation for the faster acquisition of natural immunity in adults than in children exposed to high EIRs. This forms one component of a new stochastic model for the entire transmission cycle of P. falciparum that we have derived to estimate the potential epidemiologic impact of malaria vaccines and other malaria control interventions