Le monde des militants d’extrême droite en Belgique, en France, en Allemagne, en Italie et aux Pays Bas

À partir d’une enquête comparative menée à l’aide d’histoires de vie dans cinq pays (Allemagne, Belgique, France, Italie, Pays-Bas), auprès de militant(e)s d’extrême droite, cet article montre que le trait commun, qui structure leur identité politique, est la stigmatisation dont ils font l’objet. Prenant l’exemple des Pays-Bas, où celle-ci atteint son paroxysme, les auteurs montrent comment les stratégies de réponse des militants, qui vont de la négation au retournement du stigmate, varient en fonction de leurs trajectoires d’entrée dans le mouvement, selon qu’elles sont vécues sur le mode de la continuité, de la conversion ou de la dépendance.Based on a comparative survey of the personal experiences of far-right activists in five countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, and the Netherlands), this paper shows that the common factor structuring their political identity is the stigmatization to which they are subjected. The case of the Netherlands, where this has reached its paroxysm, is used by the authors to show how the activists’ response strategies, which range from denial to reversal of the stigma, vary according to the trajectories along which they joined the movement and on whether they perceive it in terms of continuity, conversion, or dependence

Right-wing extremism as a social movement

Since the 1980s, one of the main political changes in western Europe has been the lectoral upsurge of right-wing 'extremist' or 'radical' parties. [First line

Extreme right activists in Europe:Through the magnifying glass

Since the 1980s, one of the main political changes in Western Europe has been the electoral upsurge of extreme right-wing parties. However, while the electoral support of these movements has been studied extensively, their membership has largely been ignored. This book examines who joins the extreme right and why? Drawing upon extensive research and featuring contributions from distinguished social psychologists and political scientists, this book provides the most detailed comparative study yet published of the psychology of right-wing extremist activists. Countries discussed include Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium and France.Preface Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Chapter 1: Right-wing Extremism as a Social Movement Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Chapter 2: Links with the Past Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Chapter 3: Context, Alliances and Conflict Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Chapter 4: Political Demand and Supply Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Chapter 5: Writing Life Histories: Interviewing Extreme Right-wing Activists Team-members Chapter 6: Italy: The Offspring of Fascism Patrizia Milesi, Antonello Chirumbolo, and Patrizia Catellani Chapter 7: France: a Two Centuries Old Galaxy Valérie Lafont Chapter 8: Extreme Right-wing Activism in the Flemish Part of Belgium: Manifestation of Racism or Nationalism? Hans De Witte Chapter 9: ‘Doing it for Germany’: A Study of Die Republikaner and Junge Freiheit Ludger Klein and Bernd Simon Chapter 10: The Netherlands: Stigmatized Outsiders Bert Klandermans and Annette Linden Chapter 11: One Root, Different Branches: Identity, Injustice, and Schism Patrizia Catellani, Patrizia Milesi, and Alberto Crescentini Chapter 12: Identity in German Right-Wing Extremism: Levels, Functions, and Processes Ludger Klein and Bernd Simon Chapter 13: DO Right and Left-wing Extremists HAVE Anything in Common? Antonio Chirumbolo, Nonna Mayer and Hans De Witte Chapter 14: Through the Magnifying Glass: The World of Extreme Right Activists Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer Bibliography Appendix I: Samples Appendix II: Interview Scheme Appendix III: Code Book List of Tables, Graphs and Figures Figure 9.1 Left-Right-Scale: Self-placement with regard to political orientation Figure 11.1 Levels of political identity and their salience in extreme right-wing activists’ discourse as a function of party size. Figure 12.1 A Typography of Right-Wing Extremist Collective Identity: The Case of the German Republikaner Graph 13.1 Graph 13.2 Graph 13.3 Graph 13.4 Graph 13.5 Graph 13.6 Table 1.1 Party and voters scores on 10 point left-right scale in 1994 Table 4.1 Electoral and organizational strength of RWE parties Table 5.1 Interview scheme Table 5.2 Codebook Summary Table 7.1 Joining the FN and the MNR (in per cent) Table 9.1 Factors promoting the accessibility of national frames Table 13.1 Scores on authoritarian ethnocentrism scale by location on left right scale Table 13.2 Attitudes towards authority and power by location on left right scale Table 13.3 Levels of authoritarianism among left (LWE) and rightwing (RWE) extremists Table 13.4 Scores of LWE and RWE on scales of anti-system and anti-parliamentary attitudes Table 13.5 Law and order and need for a strong and powerful leader among LWE and RWE Table 13.6 Scores of LWE and RWE on scales of anti-immigration and racist attitudes Table 13.7 Scores of LWE and RWE on scales of nationalism and cultural pluralism Table 13.8 Scores [of LWE and RWE?] on economic attitudes scales Table 13.9 Scores of LWE and RWE on Social Value Inventory Table 13.10 Motives for membership of LWE and RWE Table 13.11 Scores of LWE and RWE on seven attitude scales Table 13.12 Scores of LWE and RWE on four value orientation

Context, alliances and conflict

Political and legal arrangements may facilitate or repress the development of social movements. [First line

Political demand and supply

The strength of a social movement is determined by demand and supply factors (Klandermans 1997, 2003; De Witte and Klandermans 2000; Klandermans and Mayer 2001; Loch 2001). 'Demand factors' relate to the interest existing in a given society about what the movement stands for: • Does it address a problem people worry about? • Is there a need for a movement on these issues? [First paragraph

Links with the past

In each of the five countries studied, RWE organizations are linked to a different history and a different ideological tradition. Yet, inevitably, nazism and fascism cast their shades into the present. One way or another, today's right-wing extremism is forced to cope with that past, either by embracing it or by distancing itself from it. For each country it is therefore necessary to recall what happened during the Second World War - and just after, and what is the degree of continuity between pre-and post-war RWE. [First paragraph