Methoden zur Qualifizierung von CCD-Zeilenkameras als Messgerät für die Farb- und 3D-Messung

Kamerabasierte Systeme werden in zunehmenden Maße für messtechnische Aufgaben im industriellen Umfeld eingesetzt. Deren Qualifizierung hinsichtlich der Tauglichkeit für die jeweilige Messaufgabe ist ein anspruchsvolles Feld, welches ein ganzheitliches Verständnis der Kamerasysteme voraussetzt. Im Falle kontinuierlich transportierter Objekte eignen sich zur messtechnischen Erfassung insbesondere Zeilenkameras. Der Grund liegt in der hohen optischen Auflösung und der kontinuierlichen Abtastung des Objektes. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Zeilenkamerasysteme der Chromasens GmbH wissenschaftlich untersucht und Methoden zu deren messtechnischen Qualifizierung entwickelt. Betrachtet werden die multispektrale Zeilenkamera truePIXA, welche als bildgebendes Farbmessgerät eingesetzt wird, sowie die Stereo-Zeilenkamera 3DPIXA, welche mittels Triangulation die Vermessung von 3D-Oberflächentopografien ermöglicht. Beide Systeme werden durch mehrere Teilkameras realisiert, die Auswertemethoden sind jedoch komplementär. Der in den Kamerasystemen eingesetzte CCD-Zeilensensor wird angelehnt an den EMVA 1288 Standard charakterisiert, um ein messdatengestütztes Simulationsmodell der multispektralen Zeilenkamera entwickeln zu können. Im nächsten Schritt wird ein Verfahren dargestellt, welches die präzise Vermessung der spektralen Empfindlichkeiten der zwölf Kanäle der multispektralen Zeilenkamera erlaubt. Das Simulationsmodell der multispektralen Zeilenkamera wird eingesetzt, um Sensitivitätsanalysen durchzuführen. Durch den Einsatz eines stochastischen Musters wird die relative Änderung der MTF der Stereo-Zeilenkamera über das Messvolumen charakterisiert. Insbesondere wird der Einfluss der optischen Defokussierung, der Größe des zur Korrelation verwendeten Suchfensters und des Rauschens der Bilddaten auf das Rauschen der 3D-Messung untersucht. Zur Betrachtung der Abhängigkeit der Korrelationsfenstergröße und der Defokussierung, wird der Begriff der frequenzabhängigen Schärfentiefe eingeführt. Dieses Vorgehen führte zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Messrauschen stark von dem Verhältnis der Größe des Korrelationsfensters zur auftretenden Wellenlänge der Modulation im Bild abhängt

Characterization of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and management of 157 individuals with 56 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 mutations

Background: An increasing number of NFKB1 variants are being identified in patients with heterogeneous immunologic phenotypes. Objective: To characterize the clinical and cellular phenotype as well as the management of patients with heterozygous NFKB1 mutations. Methods: In a worldwide collaborative effort, we evaluated 231 individuals harboring 105 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 variants. To provide evidence for pathogenicity, each variant was assessed in silico; in addition, 32 variants were assessed by functional in vitro testing of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NF-kappa B) signaling. Results: We classified 56 of the 105 distinct NFKB1 variants in 157 individuals from 68 unrelated families as pathogenic. Incomplete clinical penetrance (70%) and age-dependent severity of NFKB1-related phenotypes were observed. The phenotype included hypogammaglobulinemia (88.9%), reduced switched memory B cells (60.3%), and respiratory (83%) and gastrointestinal (28.6%) infections, thus characterizing the disorder as primary immunodeficiency. However, the high frequency of autoimmunity (57.4%), lymphoproliferation (52.4%), noninfectious enteropathy (23.1%), opportunistic infections (15.7%), autoinflammation (29.6%), and malignancy (16.8%) identified NF-kappa B1-related disease as an inborn error of immunity with immune dysregulation, rather than a mere primary immunodeficiency. Current treatment includes immunoglobulin replacement and immunosuppressive agents. Conclusions: We present a comprehensive clinical overview of the NF-kappa B1-related phenotype, which includes immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and cancer. Because of its multisystem involvement, clinicians from each and every medical discipline need to be made aware of this autosomal-dominant disease. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and NF-kappa B1 pathway-targeted therapeutic strategies should be considered in the future.Peer reviewe

Novel accuracy test for multispectral imaging systems based on

In the printing industry, multispectral line scan cameras are being applied with increasing frequency in print inspection. This field of application requires highly accurate camera systems. In this article, we describe a novel approach to determining the accuracy of multispectral measurements recorded by line scan cameras. The approach is based on Bayesian statistics and paves the way for inline applications. Our approach uses the distribution of color distances, as expressed by ΔE values, that arise when the reference color spectra of a color chart are compared with corresponding spectra reconstructed from the measured camera responses of observed color patches. By means of 18 ΔE values originating from a color control strip, our approach provides an accuracy evaluation of multispectral imaging systems with line scan technology. To demonstrate this, four scenarios are considered in which the multispectral imaging system is used with different measurement accuracies. It is shown that the imaging system in these cases can be reliably characterized with respect to the quality of the multispectral measurements

Novel accuracy test for multispectral imaging systems based on ΔE measurements

Abstract In the printing industry, multispectral line scan cameras are being applied with increasing frequency in print inspection. This field of application requires highly accurate camera systems. In this article, we describe a novel approach to determining the accuracy of multispectral measurements recorded by line scan cameras. The approach is based on Bayesian statistics and paves the way for inline applications. Our approach uses the distribution of color distances, as expressed by Δ E values, that arise when the reference color spectra of a color chart are compared with corresponding spectra reconstructed from the measured camera responses of observed color patches. By means of 18 Δ E values originating from a color control strip, our approach provides an accuracy evaluation of multispectral imaging systems with line scan technology. To demonstrate this, four scenarios are considered in which the multispectral imaging system is used with different measurement accuracies. It is shown that the imaging system in these cases can be reliably characterized with respect to the quality of the multispectral measurements

Characterization of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and management of 157 individuals with 56 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 mutations

Background An increasing number of NFKB1 variants are being identified in patients with heterogeneous immunologic phenotypes. Objective To characterize the clinical and cellular phenotype as well as the management of patients with heterozygous NFKB1 mutations. Methods In a worldwide collaborative effort, we evaluated 231 individuals harboring 105 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 variants. To provide evidence for pathogenicity, each variant was assessed in silico; in addition, 32 variants were assessed by functional in vitro testing of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NF-κB) signaling. Results We classified 56 of the 105 distinct NFKB1 variants in 157 individuals from 68 unrelated families as pathogenic. Incomplete clinical penetrance (70%) and age-dependent severity of NFKB1-related phenotypes were observed. The phenotype included hypogammaglobulinemia (88.9%), reduced switched memory B cells (60.3%), and respiratory (83%) and gastrointestinal (28.6%) infections, thus characterizing the disorder as primary immunodeficiency. However, the high frequency of autoimmunity (57.4%), lymphoproliferation (52.4%), noninfectious enteropathy (23.1%), opportunistic infections (15.7%), autoinflammation (29.6%), and malignancy (16.8%) identified NF-κB1–related disease as an inborn error of immunity with immune dysregulation, rather than a mere primary immunodeficiency. Current treatment includes immunoglobulin replacement and immunosuppressive agents. Conclusions We present a comprehensive clinical overview of the NF-κB1–related phenotype, which includes immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and cancer. Because of its multisystem involvement, clinicians from each and every medical discipline need to be made aware of this autosomal-dominant disease. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and NF-κB1 pathway–targeted therapeutic strategies should be considered in the future