The impact of twinning on the local texture of chalcopyrite-type thin films

Twinning in a CuInS2 layer in a completed thin film solar cell was analyzed by means of electron backscatter diffraction. This technique revealed the microstructure of the CuInS2 thin films and local orientation relationships between the grains. At various locations within the layer it was possible to retrace how twinning occurred comparing the local orientations with the theoretically possible changes in orientation by twinnin

Progress in the development of CuInS2 based mini modules

A sequential process is used to synthesise CuInS2 absorber layers for photovoltaic application. In this process CuIn precursor layers sputtered on molybdenum coated float glass are converted to CuInS2 via sulphurisation in an elemental sulphur vapour ambient. A re evaluation of process parameters has been performed including fine tuning of numerous minor aspects. Using optimised process conditions has lead to improved device performance, especially a narrowed distribution at higher module efficiencies is achieved. At the same time the process yield is improved resulting in fewer devices with poor electrical qualit

Electronic effects of Cd on the formation of the CdS CuInS2 heterojunction

The possibility of doping and Fermi level pinning of CuInS2 thin layer solar cell absorbers caused by the diffusion of Cd into the absorber during junction formation via chemical bath deposition was investigated. The analysis of thin CdS layers deposited on CuInS2 showed the amount of deposition induced band bending on the CuInS2 surface position of the Fermi level in the respective bandgaps was not experimentally reproducible. However, the value of the valence band offset between the two materials was reproducible between different depositions within the error of the measurement. Thus, the deposition of the CdS does not lead to a consistent pinning position of the Fermi level in the CuInS2 CdS heterojunction. The removal of the CdS layers with HCl left a thin Cd containing layer on the CuInS2 surface and it was shown that this surface was not doped by the remaining Cd. Furthermore, the influence of the HCl of the CuInS2 was explored and found to form a reproducible surface richer in Cu than CuInS2 etched in potassium cyanide solution

Estimates of total seabird bycatch by Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries from 2003 to 2006

Results of recent seabird bycatch studies in the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Convention Area were combined to estimate total seabird bycatch of pelagic longline fishing in the Atlantic Ocean, and bycatch per selected species. Available studies do not apply to the full spatial and temporal extent of the fishing effort, so assumptions were made to account for missing information. Over the 4 years from 2003 to 2006 the total seabird bycatch estimate was 48,500. Results indicate that about 57% of the pelagic longline seabird bycatch was albatrosses (Diomedea, Phoebastria, Thalassarche, Phoebetria spp.). This mortality is at a level to cause concern for the smaller and more vulnerable albatross populations in the region. Variation in annual seabird bycatch was caused by variation in total fishing effort, and movement of effort away from areas of higher seabird bycatch rates

HMAP Dataset 03: SE Australian Trawl Fishery III: Fish (various) landings and fishing effort, South East Australia, 1951-1957

On 28 November 1991, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture and Fisheries provided historical data relating to the South East Fishery (SEF) to the Bureau of Resource Sciences (BRS) in accordance with the Fishing Industry Research and Development Corporation (FIRDC)-funded 'historic SET catch data' project. The data were originally collected by CSIRO and handed over to NSW Fisheries when CSIRO ceased work in the 1960s on what was then known as the 'South East Trawl Fishery'. These data cover the periods 1918-1923, 1937-1943 and 1952-1957. No documentation exists for these data except for a simple description of the data field names. This document describes the processing carried out, and the assumptions made, to convert the data into a format suitable for inclusion in the Australian Fishing Zone Information System (AFZIS). This format, in turn, was adapted to render the data compatible with the HMAP/OBIS schema. The map below gives an indication of the extent of the Southeast Australian shelf and slope; the 'view as map' link in the download panel at the right will show a much more detailed representation. The kml file download, when used with Google Earth, will render the extent of the Southeast Australian shelf and slope in detail

Stability of plasmonic metal nanoparticles integrated in the back contact of ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)S2 solar cells

Ultra-thin solar cells on transparent back contacts constitute the basis for highly efficient tandem solar devices which can surpass the single cell efficiency limit. The material reduction related to ultra-thin high efficiency devices additionally lowers the price. Despite the fact that they are ultra- thin the absorbers still have to remain optically thick and therefore require adequate light management. A promising approach for enhanced absorption is plasmonic scattering from metal nanoparticles. In this paper we discuss the experimental incorporation of Ag nanoparticles in ultra-thin wide-gap chalcopyrite solar cells on transparent back contacts. A 6.9% efficient 500 nm Cu(In,Ga)S2 solar cell on In2O3:Mo (at this point without nanoparticles) is the starting point. For the predicted optimum design of including particles at the rear side the stability of the nanostructures integrated in the back contact is investigated in detail. As a first step towards proof-of-concept, absorption enhancement from the nanoparticles included in the complete solar cell is experimentally shown in optical properties

HMAP Dataset 02: SE Australian Trawl Fishery II: Fish (various) landings and fishing effort, South East Australia, 1937-1943

On 28 November 1991, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture and Fisheries provided historical data relating to the South East Fishery (SEF) to the Bureau of Resource Sciences (BRS) in accordance with the Fishing Industry Research and Development Corporation (FIRDC)-funded 'historic SET catch data' project. The data were originally collected by CSIRO and handed over to NSW Fisheries when CSIRO ceased work in the 1960s on what was then known as the 'South East Trawl Fishery'. These data cover the periods 1918-1923, 1937-1943 and 1952-1957. No documentation exists for these data except for a simple description of the data field names. This document describes the processing carried out, and the assumptions made, to convert the data into a format suitable for inclusion in the Australian Fishing Zone Information System (AFZIS). This format, in turn, was adapted to render the data compatible with the HMAP/OBIS schema. The map below gives an indication of the extent of the Southeast Australian shelf and slope; the 'view as map' link in the download panel at the right will show a much more detailed representation. The kml file download, when used with Google Earth, will render the extent of the Southeast Australian shelf and slope in detail