Turkey's Reform Effort Reconsidered, 1987-2004

This article aims to develop a coherent explanation of the impact of the EU on Turkey’s politics between 1987 (the year Turkey applied for EU membership) and 2004, providing a more profound analysis of Turkish political transformation within the framework of its relations with the EU. It integrates Moravcsiks’ work on the human rights regime in post-war Europe with Risse’s theory on communicative action in world politics to provide an alternative explanatory framework for recent political transformation in Turkey. It will be argued that the main dynamics driving recent democratisation in Turkey were its newfound location within the European human rights regime—a result of having been granted the right to individual petition to the European Court of Human Rights just before its 1987 membership application—and the increasing power of European argument as an alternative way of resolving domestic political conflicts in Turkey.democratization; Europeanization; fundamental/human rights

Bacillus Spp. isolated from the conjunctiva and their potential antimicrobial activity against other eye pathogens

Background: In this study, we attempted to screen and investigate antibacterial activity of Bacillus species, which were isolated from conjunctiva, against other eyes pathogens.Methods: To examine predominant isolates of Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. cereus and B. mojevensis, isolated from conjunctiva for their antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms as Micrococcus luteus, Staphyloccocus aureus, S. epidermidis, S.hominis, S. lugdunensis, S.warneri, S. haemolyticus, B. cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Proteus mirabilis. Growth inhibitions of indicator microorganisms were tested using agar diffusion tests by cells and supernatants of five B. mojevensis, one B. subtilis, four B. cereus and five B. pumilus strains which were isolated from conjunctiva.Results:The Bacillus isolates showed variable ability of inhibition against the tested microorganisms. Two strains of B. pumillus, 1 strain of B. subtilis, 5 strains of B. mojevensis, 1 strain of B. cereus were efficacious against the tested microorganisms. Most resistant microorganism to these bacteria was Proteus mirabilis. Two of Gram positive bacteria, S. lugdenensis (K15-9) and S. aureus (SDA48), were also found as resistant.Conclusions: In this study, Bacillus spp isolated from conjunctiva showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Human eye-derived microorganisms and their antimicrobial effects might be a useful source of natural products for the future.Keywords: Bacillus spp, antibacterial activity, eyes pathogens, conjunctiva

DECOLORIZATION OF BLUE 13 WITH ASPERGILLUS NIVEUS AND FUSARIUM MONILIFORME

Depending on the changing world trends has been increasing interest in colored products. In the textile industry, to give the blue color to the textiles the heavily used Ambifiks Blue H5R (Blue 13) dye. This dye has been given from plants in the environment of the receiving water to results from the toxic effects. For reduction of this toxic effect has been isolated Aspergillus niveus and Fusarium moniliforme from porsuk Stream were invastigated because of decolorizasyon capabilities with different physiological conditions (pH, temprature, agitate condition). For A. niveus results have been obtained up to nearly %95 at pH 3, 35°C and 120-150 rpm. For F. moniliforme results have been obtained up to nearly %95 at pH 7, 20°C ve 120 rpm. For A. niveus decolorisation results were close to dead cells and live cells.Dead cells decolorisation were about %90 for F. moniliforme and live cells decolorisation were about %75

Preliminary characterization of Rhizobium strains isolated from chickpea nodules

A total of 28 Rhizobium strains from chickpea nodules were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Most strains produced abundant extracellular polysaccharides, were tolerant to 0.5 M NaCI (53%) and a temperature of 40oC (75%). The majority of the strains showed an intrinsic resistance to the antibiotics (ìg ml-1) streptomycin (100), kanamycin (50), erytromycin (30), chloramphenicol (200) and penicilin (25). In vitro antibiosis assays indicated that Rhizobium strains from chickpea nodules exercised an antagonism against Ascocyhta rabiei the agent of ascocyhta blight disease of chickpea

Isolation of gallic acid-producing microorganisms and their use in the production of gallic acid from gall nuts and sumac

A total number of eighty gallic acid producing strains were isolated from forest soil or plant samples. Among these strains, thirteen isolates were selected for gallic acid production and these isolates were Aspergillus niger 1, A. niger 2, A. niger 3, Penicillium canescens (3), P. frequentans (2), P. spinulosum (2), P. purpurogenum (2), and P. zacinthae. By using eight of these strains and reference strain of A. niger NRRL 321, the production of gallic acid from oak tree (Quercus infectoria) gall nuts or sumac (Rhus coriaria) leaves were investigated. Maximum gallic acid yields from gall nuts were obtained for A. niger 3 (91.3%) and P. spinulosum (93.2%). In the case of sumac leaves, the reference strain A. niger NRRL 321 (46.1%) and P. zacinthae (48.2%) gave the highest gallic acid yields. To date, this study is the first report on production of gallic acid by these newly isolated Penicillium strains. Particularly, A. niger 3, P. spinulosum, P. purpurogenum and P. canescens may be used not only for gallic acid but also tannase production from tannin rich plant materials such as gall nuts. Their high yields and shortincubation periods are also remarkable

A novel collocation method based on residual error analysis for solving integro-differential equations using hybrid Dickson and Taylor polynomials

In this study, a novel matrix method based on collocation points is proposed to solve some linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations with variable coefficients under the mixed conditions. The solutions are obtained by means of Dickson and Taylor polynomials. The presented method transforms the equation and its conditions into matrix equations which comply with a system of linear algebraic equations with unknown Dickson coefficients, via collocation points in a finite interval. While solving the matrix equation, the Dickson coefficients and the polynomial approximation are obtained. Besides, the residual error analysis for our method is presented and illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the method

The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth

The permanent premolar teeth are placed between the anterior teeth and molars. Eight premolars are found in the permanent dentition, four per arch and two in each quadrant. The main function of premolars is to assist the canines in regard to tear and pierce the food and supplement the grinding of the molars during mastication. The other functions are to support the corners of the mouth reinforce esthetics during smiling and maintain the vertical dimension. Detailed morphology of the permanent premolar teeth is narrated in a pointwise and systematic manner in this chapter

‘Welcome to Europe’: A Bridge East of Architectural History

This position paper examines the complex boundaries that separate Europe from both its constructed margins and those of its imagined Others. Where exactly do we enter the Continent and where does it end? Is it while crossing the world-famous bridge on the Bosporus, for instance, that one receives the first impression of Europe, or is it somewhere farther west — past a ‘wall’ protected by a strong border regime? To address these questions, this paper tells two concomitant stories about the practices of urban governance and architectural design in Turkey in the early twentieth century by providing snapshots of numerous encounters and negotiations between multiple actors: American public health specialists, European-trained local bureaucrats, and a French city planner. While Turkey’s dubious position between the West and the East provides the potential for rethinking the boundaries of the Continent, the paper uses the Turkish case primarily to unpack the idea of ‘Europe’ as both a fluid entity and a fixed location, an uneven terrain upon which canonical discourses of identity are constructed. In doing so, it points to the interchangeability of subject positions, which often result in competing narratives of modernization, urban design, and the whereabouts of the line separating Turkey from Europe

Revisiting the democracy-private investment nexus: Does inequality matter?

© 2018 Association for Comparative Economic Studies Contrary to the predictions of a large theoretical literature, recent cross-country evidence suggests autocracies can generate statistically indistinguishable levels of private investment compared to democracies. We argue that the previous exclusion of inequality explains part of this puzzle. We model current investment as a function of investors’ beliefs about future tax rates, which are conditioned by the constraints on the Executive in setting tax rates and expropriating tax revenues. In democracies, where tax rates reflect the preferences of the median voter, investment declines with rising inequality. In autocracies, investor beliefs about future tax rates reflect the relative power of Elites compared to the Executive. As inequality rises, the increased resources available to Elites constrains the Executive\u27s ability to expropriate more tax revenues. The heterogeneous determinants of investor beliefs can explain the observed pattern of investment across regime types. We first test our predictions at the macro-level with cross-country data. We then test the behavioral underpinnings of our model with a novel laboratory experiment showing how inequality affects individual-level investment behavior dependent upon regime type. Results from both types of analyses show that when inequality is taken into account autocracies can generate similar levels of investment to democracies