II. Rákóczi Ferenc alakjának identitásképző ereje Kassa példáján

Rákóczi’s War of Independence had memories after the long war, for example in the historiography and local memory. After two centuries the reigning king of Hungary (Franz Joseph I) had decided to allow the reburial of Rákóczi and his fellow comrades. After a long time Rákóczi and his allies had come home, first in Budapest, than in Kassa. After the Treaty of Trianon (1920) the former memorial land spaces of Rákóczi had broken away from Hungary. After the First Vienna Award (1938) many territories had been given back to Hungary. Kassa was given back as well in that period. Kassa became the current European Capital of Culture in 2013 which had a huge effect on remembrance. The Hungarian Parlament has made two different decisions on Rákóczi’s remembrance. In 2013 they instituted a national day for the war of independence (6th of May). In the 21st century finding and building local and national identities had become an object to achieve for Slovakia and Hungary. Capturing Kassa three times (1706, 1906, 1938) also had an effect on both of these nation’s national identity. After a long and unfriendly relationship, the two countries have started to get in touch with the help of the common past, which can be used as a positive tool for reconciliation. I think that Rákóczi’s image can be used for that purpose

Emésztőrendszeri diszfunkció és humorális immunválasz kapcsolata IV-es típusú kollagén mutációkkal Drosophilában

The structure and function of the mucosal epithelia is determined and supported by the underlying basement membrane (BM). The BM functions in separation, epithelial cell polarization, absorption, sensation and secretion in various tissues and body compartments. The BM is a specialized form of the extracellular matrix, composed of numerous components with a predominance of type IV collagens COL4A1 and COL4A2. Mammals, including humans, harbor three pairs of type IV collagen genes (COL4A1-6). The inherited disorder of renal, ocular and cochlear basement membranes associates with mutations of the X-linked COL4A5 gene in the majority of patients with Alport syndrome, whereas lesions in the autosomal COL4A3 and COL4A4 genes are responsible for the symptoms of Alport syndrome in about 20% of patients. The majority of the mammalian BM is composed of building units of type IV collagen trimers with (COL4A1)2COL4A2 composition. Clinical manifestations associated with COL4A1 mutations include perinatal cerebral hemorrhage and porencephaly, hereditary angiopathy, nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps (HANAC), ocular dysgenesis, myopathy and Walker-Warburg syndrome. The latest reports demonstrate systemic tissue degeneration and pleiotropy associated with COL4A1 mutations and confirm the experimental observations that the phenotypes of COL4A2 mutations are phenocopies of COL4A1 gene mutations. The mucosal epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract are constantly challenged by the microbiome resulting in various types of interactions including commensalism, symbiosis and pathogenicity. Host-microbe interactions in the gut are studied only in a few animal models including Drosophila melanogaster. Antimicrobial defense in Drosophila is facilitated by phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms, by the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Gut-associated bacterial community in Drosophila is scarce, harboring 1-20 bacterial phylotypes. Recent studies identified five dominating commensal species in the gut of wild-type flies: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Acetobacter pomorum, Gluconobacter morbifer and Commensalibacter intestini. Overexpression of AMPs, demonstrated in caudal hypomorphic RNAi mutants, resulted in restructuring of the commensal bacterial population with the dominance of the pathogenic Gluconobacter morbifer accompanied by degradation of gut epithelial cells and high mortality of the host. These observations suggested a potential role for high levels of AMPs in epithelial cell degeneration, gut pathogenesis, and increased mortality. In aging flies, dysfunction of the intestinal barrier that normally permits the absorption of nutrients and solutes and hampers host contact with harmful entities including microorganisms has been, accordingly, tightly linked to overexpression of AMPs. Compromised intestinal barrier function was also noted in big bang (bbg) null Drosophila mutants. The BBG protein is localized in the gut epithelial septate junctions that, in the absence of BBG, are compromised and result in reduced lifespan and chronic inflammation of the anterior midgut epithelium in mutant animals. We have recently reported an allelic series of conditional, dominant, temperature-sensitive (DTS) mutations in the type IV collagen gene col4a1 in Drosophila. The col4a1mutant heterozygotes are viable and fertile at permissive temperature (20oC), but perish at restrictive temperature (29oC). The phenotype associated with mutations of col4a1 include severe myopathy resulting from massive degradation of striated muscle fibers and degeneration of both the circular smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells of the gut that occurs following detachment from the BM. While there are signs of some repair, the capacity of the scavenger system, and/or the kinetics of cell renewal and regeneration fail to keep up with the ongoing cell degeneration in these mutants. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that col4a1 mutants may suffer from extensive cell damage-induced chronic inflammation and demonstrate a robust immune response. In Drosophila, during inflammation the immune response involves the immediate synthesis of AMPs. Therefore, we have carried out a series of tests in order to determine whether AMP induction is associated with mutation-induced aberrant col4a1 functions in DTS-L3 mutants selected for analysis based on the presence of confirmed cell degeneration and its lowest survival rate among the col4a1 mutant lines at 29oC..

Credit Growth in Central and Eastern Europe: Convergence or Boom?

Credit to the private sector has been growing very rapidly in a number of Central and Eastern European countries in recent years. The main question is whether this dynamics is an equilibrium convergence process or may rather pose stability risks. Using panel econometric techniques, this paper attempts to identify the equilibrium credit/GDP levels of the new EU countries, disentangling the observed growth into an equilibrium trend and an excess (boom) component. In the paper the pooled mean group estimator was used for its flexibility and efficiency. Using instrumental variable technique we tested whether long run endogeneity affects the consistency. The estimations show that large part of the credit growth in new member states can be explained by the catching-up process, and, in general, credit/GDP ratios are below the levels consistent with macroeconomic fundamentals. However, in Latvia and Estonia credit growth is found to be significantly faster than what would be justified along the equilibrium path.financial deepening, credit growth, transition economies, panel econometrics, endogeneity bias.

Basics of an integrated ecosystem service evaluation system for the Tisza river basin

The present study aims to lay the foundations of an ecosystem services evaluation system for land cover categories in the Tisza River Basin. Scientific data and international trends of international environmental policy indicate that evaluation of ecosystem services should play an increasing role in strategic decisions on land use also in Hungary. A new protocol was used to calculate the profitability of the main agricultural subdomains in the study area. On the basis of the management data of the forestry district containing the smaller sample area (namely the site of the planned Nagykörű flood control reservoir), the wood production of the forests concerned was computed. The flood risk reduction potential of land use changes was calculated using former literature (flood models and the project materials of the reservoir), while inland excess water exposure was computed using Pálfai’s relevant spatial database. For the Nagykörű sample area, the land-cover-based economic values of the different ecosystem services were gathered into a matrix, and the economic values of the present and the potential land use were compared. The methods used were examined in terms of reliability and portability as well

Characteristics of Point-Bar Development under the Influence of a Dam: Case Study on the Dráva River at Sigetec, Croatia

Before the extensive engineering works the Dráva River had braided pattern. However in the 19-20th centuries river regulation works became widespread, thus meanders were cut off, side-channels were blocked and hydroelectric power plants were completed. These human impacts significantly changed the hydro-morphology of the river. The aim of the present research is to analyse meander development and the formation of a point-bar from the point of view of indirect human impact. Series of maps and ortho-photos representing the period of 1870-2011 were used to quantify the longterm meander development, rate of bank erosion and point-bar aggradation. Besides, at-a-site erosion measurements and grain-size analysis were also carried out. As the result of reservoir constructions during the last 145 years floods almost totally disappeared, as their return period increased to 5-15 years and their duration decreased to 1-2 days. The channel pattern had changed from braided to sinuous and to meandering, thus the rate of bank erosion increased from 3.7 m/y to 32 m/y. On the upstream part of the point-bar the maximum grain size is 49.7-83.4 mm and the mean particle size is 7.6 mm, whilst on the downstream part the maximum grain size was only 39.7-39.9 mm and mean sediment size decreased to 6.1 mm. Due to the coarse sediment supply and the decreasing stream energy the point-bars develop quickly upstream and laterally too

Characteristics of point-bar development under the influence of a dam : case study on the Drva river at Sigetec, Croatia

Before the extensive engineering works the Dráva River had braided pattern. However in the 19-20th centuries river regulation works became widespread, thus meanders were cut off, side-channels were blocked and hydroelectric power plants were completed. These human impacts significantly changed the hydro-morphology of the river. The aim of the present research is to analyse meander development and the formation of a point-bar from the point of view of indirect human impact. Series of maps and ortho-photos representing the period of 1870-2011 were used to quantify the longterm meander development, rate of bank erosion and point-bar aggradation. Besides, at-a-site erosion measurements and grain-size analysis were also carried out. As the result of reservoir constructions during the last 145 years floods almost totally disappeared, as their return period increased to 5-15 years and their duration decreased to 1-2 days. The channel pattern had changed from braided to sinuous and to meandering, thus the rate of bank erosion increased from 3.7 m/y to 32 m/y. On the upstream part of the point-bar the maximum grain size is 49.7-83.4 mm and the mean particle size is 7.6 mm, whilst on the downstream part the maximum grain size was only 39.7-39.9 mm and mean sediment size decreased to 6.1 mm. Due to the coarse sediment supply and the decreasing stream energy the point-bars develop quickly upstream and laterally too

Characteristics of Point-Bar Development under the Influence of a Dam: Case Study on the Dráva River at Sigetec, Croatia

Before the extensive engineering works the Dráva River had braided pattern. However in the 19-20th centuries river regulation works became widespread, thus meanders were cut off, side-channels were blocked and hydroelectric power plants were completed. These human impacts significantly changed the hydro-morphology of the river. The aim of the present research is to analyse meander development and the formation of a point-bar from the point of view of indirect human impact. Series of maps and ortho-photos representing the period of 1870-2011 were used to quantify the longterm meander development, rate of bank erosion and point-bar aggradation. Besides, at-a-site erosion measurements and grain-size analysis were also carried out. As the result of reservoir constructions during the last 145 years floods almost totally disappeared, as their return period increased to 5-15 years and their duration decreased to 1-2 days. The channel pattern had changed from braided to sinuous and to meandering, thus the rate of bank erosion increased from 3.7 m/y to 32 m/y. On the upstream part of the point-bar the maximum grain size is 49.7-83.4 mm and the mean particle size is 7.6 mm, whilst on the downstream part the maximum grain size was only 39.7-39.9 mm and mean sediment size decreased to 6.1 mm. Due to the coarse sediment supply and the decreasing stream energy the point-bars develop quickly upstream and laterally too