Megjegyzések a Grönlandiak sagájában szereplő Tyrker etnikai hátterének megítéléséhez

According to widespread scientific belief the so called Vinland sagas, i.e. Saga of Greenlanders and Saga of Eiríkr the Red, perpetuate the story of travellings to the eastern coasts of North America at the turn of the first millennium. The Saga of Greenlanders mentions a foreigner (not Scandinavian) called Tyrker, one of the crew members of Leifr Eiríksson’s ship, whose provenance has long been the subject of scholarly interest. Theories about his German and Hungarian (Magyar) origin have become dominant in historiography. There are only three information in the text which may help to determine where he came from: his name Tyrker, the general term southerner to express his geographical origin and the word for his mother tongue. The conclusions of the paper are as follows. It is uncertain whether Tyrker is a real or fictional character. The term southerner and the word for his language, regardless whether it is þyrskr or þyeskr, may support his German origin, however, his name is quite similar to Tyrkir (pl.) used to denote peoples from the East in Scandinavian written sources. Independently from the strict Tyrker problem, at the turn of the 10–11th centuries Scandinavians may have known Hungarians as Turks primarily due to their connection with the Byzantine Empire, although this term could have denoted other groups like steppe peoples in general

Effect of Anodic Pretreatment on the Performance of Glassy Carbon Electrode in Acetonitrile and Electrooxidation of Para-substituted Phenols in Acetonitrile on Platinum and Glassy Carbon Electrode

In the first part of the work electropolymerisation of phenol was studied at glassy carbon electrode. Rapid fouling of its surface indicated the formation of coherent poly(phenyleneoxide) layer which was demonstrated by the repeated cyclic voltammetric scans. Effect of anodic pretreatment potential in acetonitrile solvent was also investigated and the results showed that at potentials higher than 2 V glassy carbon electrode becomes deactivated. Preanodisation of glassy carbon electrode at 3 V in acetonitrile resulted in diminished anodic peak currents by phenols. It was due to the partial deactivation of electrode surface and its extent increased with the pretreatment time. The electrooxidation of para-substituted phenols (p-Cl-phenol, p-NO2-phenol, p-tertbutylphenol, p-methoxyphenol) in acetonitrile resulted in no fouling layer on platinum electrode and the peak currents were significantly higher than in the first scan of unsubstituted phenol in the same concentration. Glassy carbon deactivated continuously by repeating the scans due to the solvent and bonding of products on the surface

A ruszok 860. évi támadása Konstantinápoly ellen

The Rus’ raid on Constantinople in 860: The attack on Constantinople in 860 was a milestone of the early history of Rus’, however, it cannot be considered to be a solemn episode of Russian history but as an event of the Viking attacks devastating different parts of Europe at this time. The people of Rus’ trading in Eastern Europe were mainly Scandinavian by origin and we know very little about their relations with the Byzantine Empire before 860. We may suppose peaceful relations between Byzantium and the Rus’ in the first half of the 9th century. The background of the raid is rather obscure. The Primary Chronicle (PVL) tells the story of the so-called „calling-in of the Varangians”: Rurik, Sineus and Truvor in the year of 862. It is important to emphasize the untrustworthiness of the early chronology of PVL. On the basis of dendrochronology, Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodische were heavily damaged in the 860’s. We can assume that new warlike Norse groups arrived in the Rus’. The motive of the attack, presumably, was the desire for booty. The military action could not be launched from Kiev, nor from Tmutorokan’ but from the region of lakes Ladoga and Ilmen’. The route of the army is uncertain as well. but there are arguments in favour of the Dnieper. According to the PVL, the two semi-legendary Varangians, Askold and Dir headed the expedition against Constantinople. In my view, they were real persons but they were not able to lead the attack. The Rus’ army plundered the surroundings of the city. The result of the action is very debatable because of two reasons. First, the attackers were not able to capture the city itself and I think it was not their main goal because the surroundings were rich enough for them. Second, according to some later sources, the Rus’ fleet were destroyed by the will of Holy Virgin but the contemporary patriarch Photios mentioned nothing that would refer to it. The sources do not give any rational reason at all. In my opinion, the raid was successful. After the attack a Rus’ embassy came to Constantinople to be baptized. The reason of this is also questionable but the normalization of relationship was in the interest of both. Presumably, the aim of ConstantineCyril’s mission was to persuade the Khazars and Magyars to disallow the Rus’ army to pass through their territories into the Empire

Gondolatok a De administrando imperio besenyő-képéről és a kelet-európai erőviszonyokról a 9. század végétől a 11. század közepéig

The De Administrando Imperio (DAI), written about 950, is one of the most important sources for the early medieval history of Eastern Europe. Its main goal is to provide information for the next emperor, Romanos, about peoples threatening the Byzantine Empire from the North and the possible diplomatic answers to deal with the problem. According to DAI, the only solution against the Rus', Magyar and Bulgarian threats is the Pechenegs, a warlike and powerful nomadic people which had already defeated these aforementioned peoples in the past and thus were afraid of them. Hence it was always worth for the Byzantine Emperor keeping a good relationship with the Pechenegs and using them against his potential enemies. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the validity of this Pecheneg-image and the foreign policy concept written in the DAI. Comparing different statements of the DAI with other written sources, we may come to the fol-lowing main conclusions: The Pecheng—Byzantine alliance and the use of this nomadic people against the Empire's enemies are not as self-evident as the DAI suggests. The Pechenegs could not deter the Rus' and the Magyars from attacking the Empire. The Rus', during the second half of the 10th Century, had become a decisive power as well as one of the most (if not the most) important partner for the Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe

Competitiveness map of the settlements in Pest County

Nowadays, the concepts of globalization and competitiveness increasingly come to the fore. Territorial entities are looking for the correct direction of development at all levels to answer the accelerated world economy changes by Internet and other developments. With the help of the European Union, Hungary is also looking for its place and its development opportunities in this regional competition. This study is an abbreviated version of a multi-year research. Since joining the European Union, Hungarian regions were not always able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the EU. In our study, we are looking for the disparities within the territory of the Central Hungarian region without Budapest. What is the grade of homogeneity in Pest County? It seems to be proven that even the most developed region of Hungary has significant regional disparities in terms of competitiveness. After the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 the importance of comparative advantages and competitiveness have been increased at both national and regional levels (KÁPOSZTA - NAGY - VILLÁNYI, 2008; HORSKÁ - SMUTKA - MAITAH, 2012)