A Review Paper on Security of Wireless Network

In the past few years, wireless networks, specifically those based on the IEEE 802.11 Standard, have experienced tremendous growth. A team at Rice University recovered the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy 128-bit security key which is used by an active network. This Standard has increased the interest and attention of many researchers in recent years. The IEEE 802.11 is a family of standards, which defines and specifies the parts of the standard. This paper explains the survey on the latest development in how to secure an 802.11 wireless network by understanding its security protocols and mechanism. In order to fix security loopholes a public key authentication and key-establishment procedure has been proposed which fixes security loopholes in current standard. The public key cryptosystem is used to establish a session key securely between the client and Access point. Knowing how these mechanism and protocols works, including its weakness and vulnerabilities can be very helpful for planning, designing, implementing and/or hardening a much secure wireless network, effectively minimizing the impact of an attack. The methods used in current research are especially emphasized to analysis the technique of securing 802.11 standards. Finally, in this paper we pointed out some possible future directions of research

A REVIEW ON ARSENIC POISONING AND ITS POST-MORTEM FINDINGS

Arsenic is a grey substance, which is insoluble in water and therefore cannot be absorbed from the alimentary canal. Arsenic is absorbed through all routes mainly by skin, inhalation and GIT mucosa. Arsenic causes toxicity by combining with sulphydryl enzymes and thus interfering with cell metabolism. Locally it causes irritation of the mucous membranes and remotely depression of the nervous system. Arsenic poisoning can be homicidal, suicidal, accidental, occupational, environmental, iatrogenic or un-iatrogenic. The character of post-mortem appearances depends very largely upon the quantity taken and period which has elapsed before death. Externally the body presents dehydrated, cyanosed, sunken eyeballs jaundiced in post-mortem findings. Rigor mortis lasts longer than usual. Internally red velvet stomach, petechial hemorrhages under the endocardium of the left ventricle, patchy fatty degenerative changes with jaundice in liver, rain drop skin pigmentation and mee’s line in nails findings seen in post-mortem

An Ayurvedic review on Hartala (yellow orpiment) : A Dhatuja Visha

In Ayurveda, usage of ‘Dhatuja Visha’ is given in different formulations which are having therapeutic significance. Hartala comes under Dhatuja Visha mentioned by Acharya Sushrut. It is inorganic irritant poison and has a Lomshatana property. It is known as yellow orpiment or arsenic trisulfide (AS2S3) and used as depilatory, coloring pigment and in flypaper. It is an Arsenic compound which is used in several skin diseases in spite of its toxic nature. Hartala or orpiment, a metallic drug, is taken as an ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations in spite of its direct use, purification is necessary before use and theses formulations are used externally as well as internally in chronic disorders. Here in the article an attempt has been made to collect the Ayurvedic review on Hartala from various Ayurvedic classics

Hanging and it’s Medicolegal Importance

Violent deaths of common occurrence which may be classed as asphyxial deaths such as hanging, ligature strangulation, throttling, suffocation drowning etc. Hanging is the ligature compression of the neck by the weight of one’s own body due to suspension. Ligature materials such as nylon rope, electric wire, duppatta, dhoti, shirt, belt etc. are used for suspension. Hanging is a most common method of committing suicide all over the world, is highly lethal and more than 70% of those who attempted suicide would die. Hanging gives painless death to the victim and no cost involvement so the people prefer it as common and suitable method of suicide. Sometimes homicidal hanging is also seen and accidentally seen in children. According to WHO (world health organization) and research report the suicide by hanging is more common method in male rather than women

Role of Viruddha Ahara in dermatological disorder and its prevention

Viruddha Ahara or incompatible food is very important issue discussed by Ayurveda. These incompatible foods play a major role in the production of many diseases specially skin disease like eruption, leucoderma and different types of dermatological disorder. The food which is wrong in combination, which has undergone wrong processing, which is consumed in incorrect dose, which is consumed in incorrect time of day and in wrong season is known as Viruddha Ahara. Number of food incompatibilities are mentioned in Ayurved literature, such as Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas. Regularly intakes of incompatible food act as a poison which leads to aggravation of all Doshas and causing most of the diseases including skin disease. Viruddha Ahara can lead to inflammation at a molecular level. The ancient and recent surveys both prove that incompatible food habits are one of the major causes of skin disease. In today’s modern era, due to lack of knowledge about correct eating habits, we inattentively follow the wrong dietary habits which manifest dermatological disorder. Avoidance of intake of incompatible food is an important role in the prevention of dermatological disorder

Partial uterine perforation and ovarian embedment of misplaced intrauterine device: a case report

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the commonest form of contraceptive method in use globally. IUDs like other methods of contraception may be associated with its own complications. The major risk includes uterine perforation with embedment, migration, and/or expulsion. A 35 year old female who had a history of postpartum IUD insertion 10 years ago was referred to our institute with complains of severe lower abdominal pain and vomiting since 10 days. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound (TAS/TVS) were done. Ultrasound led to the final diagnosis of ovarian embedment of the IUD. Laparotomy with IUD removal was successfully performed. This case report highlights one of the rare complications of IUD migrating to the left ovary in a patient presenting with lower abdominal pain. In a patient with history an IUD insertion in situ, lower abdominal pain and missing threads on examination should wary the gynaecologist to the possibility of total or partial transmigration of the device into the pelvis or abdomen

Harnessing activin A adjuvanticity to promote antibody responses to BG505 HIV envelope trimers

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Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A response to Cryptosporidium parvum in Cryptosporidium-HIV co-infected patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Cryptosporidium parvum</it>, the protozoan parasite, causes a significant enteric disease in immunocompromised hosts such as HIV patients. The present study was aimed to compare serum IgG, IgM and IgA responses to crude soluble antigen of <it>C. parvum </it>in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients co-infected with <it>Cryptosporidium </it>and to correlate the responses with symptomatology.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>Cryptosporidium parvum </it>specific serum antibody (IgG, IgM and IgA) responses were assessed by ELISA in 11 HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive (Group I), 20 HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>negative (Group II), 10 HIV seronegative <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive (Group III), 20 HIV seronegative <it>Cryptosporidium </it>negative healthy individuals (Group IV) and 25 patients with other parasitic diseases (Group V).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A positive IgG and IgA antibody response was observed in significantly higher number of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>infected individuals (Gp I and III) compared to <it>Cryptosporidium </it>un-infected individuals (Gp II, IV and V) irrespective of HIV/immune status. Sensitivity of IgG ELISA in our study was found to be higher as compared to IgM and IgA ELISA. The number of patients with positive IgG, IgM and IgA response was not significantly different in HIV seropositive <it>Cryptosporidium </it>positive patients with diarrhoea when compared to patients without diarrhoea and in patients with CD4 counts <200 when compared to patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/μl.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study showed specific serum IgG and IgA production in patients infected with <it>Cryptosporidium</it>, both HIV seropositive and seronegative as compared to uninfected subjects suggesting induction of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific humoral immune response in infected subjects. However, there was no difference in number of patients with positive response in HIV seropositive or seronegative groups indicating that HIV status may not be playing significant role in modulation of <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific antibody responses. The number of patients with positive IgG, IgM and IgA response was not significantly different in patients with or without history of diarrhoea thereby indicating that <it>Cryptosporidium </it>specific antibody responses may not be necessarily associated with protection from symptomatology.</p

VANET’S SECURITY REQUIREMENTS AND ATTACKS - A REVIEW

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged as one of the most promising topics for researchers and automotive industries due to their remarkable potential to improve traffic safety, efficiency and other added services. Communication using VANETs is commonly seen as the next milestone for improving traffic safety.  Vehicles will be enabled to exchange any kind of information that helps to detect and mitigate dangerous situations. However, VANETs are themselves exposed against attacks that can directly lead to the corruption of networks and then possibly exacerbate big losses of time, money, and even lives.Subject of this work is to recognize the attackers that target active safety applications in VANETs. Through a risk analysis, this work identifies assets, threats and possible attacks in inter-vehicle communication. The risk analysis shows that the most serious threat arises from a road- side attacker that distributed fake warning messages. This paper presents a review of various VANETs security requirements attacks