Recognition of the right to adequate housing of the police in Kenya

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BARCHELOR OF LAWS (L.L.B.) OF STRATHMORE UNIVERSITYThe right to adequate housing of the police has not been adequately catered for under the law nor in practice in Kenya, yet it is enshrined in the highest law of the land, the Constitution of Kenya under Article 43(b). This study sought to establish the extent to which the housing rights of the police have been ignored, the inadequacies of the current laws in addressing the poor housing that the police are currently facing and come up with recommendations on how best to solve the problem. The study hopes the proposed recommendations will be used by the government in the on-going security reforms. The study was conducted through literature review of housing norms, analysis of the current laws & policies in the country on housing and labour relation laws and their role in the inadequate recognition of the right to housing currently being faced by the police. A comparative study was additionally made between the Republic of South Africa and Kenya, as South Africa has historically been plagued by the problem of marginalized groups in the housing sector due to the shortfalls of the law. In order to solve the problem, the study recommends the reform of current housing laws and policies and other relevant laws in the country to cater in a special way for the unique needs of the police as pertaining to institutional housing, and the introduction of welfare Schedule under the National Police Service (Amendment) Act No. 11 of 2014.Additionally, the study recommends that public and private partnerships need to be embraced should the current problem have any hope of being solved

Teacher Related Factors Influencing Students’ Enrollment in Biology Subject in Public Secondary Schools in Meru Central Sub County in Kenya

This study examined teacher related factors influencing students’ enrollment in Biology subject in public secondary schools in Meru Central Sub County in Kenya. The study utilized the descriptive survey research design on a target population of 9859 respondents consisting of 9748 Biology students, 62 trained Biology teachers and 49 Heads of Science Department (HoDs) in the 49 public secondary schools in Meru Central Sub County. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select a sample size of 355 respondents comprising of 345 forms three and form four Biology students, five trained Biology teachers and five Heads of Science Departments. The tools for data collection were questionnaires and interview schedules. The research instruments were validated by the help of research experts in the Department of Education, Chuka University. Spearman Brown Prophesy Formula was used to estimate the reliability of the instruments and a reliability coefficient of 0.79 was obtained. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics facilitated by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that teacher absenteeism, motivation level, workload, experience, instructional approaches and preparedness were teacher related factors that influenced students to enroll in Biology. Keywords: Biology, Enrollment, Secondary school, Teacher

Chemical composition of essential oils from Pinus caribaea Morelet needles

Plant allelochemicals from essential oils have recently received considerable attention in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agricultural sectors due to their biodegradability and low toxicity. This study analyzed the composition of essential oils of Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis needles. Thirty-nine compounds were identified using gas chromatography/mass chromatography and gas chromatography, and the most abundant components were limonene (38.6%), α-pinene (27.6%), borneol (6.7%) and myrcene (3.5%). Aristolene, ledol and guaiol were reported for the first time in P. caribeae needles. Composition of the needles was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (77.2%) followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (12.0%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.7%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.7%)

The Value of Representation in Transition : a Case Study of Political Murals in East Belfast

Despite the undeniable progress achieved in the seventeen years since the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland remains a significantly divided society. Tensions surrounding socio-political representation and expression in public spaces have continued to contribute to political instability and underline the fact that there are yet unresolved issues from the peace process; the extent to which the future will be socially inclusive remains to be worked out. This present research examines political wall murals along the lower Newtownards Road as a way of looking at the dynamics of social and political relationships within the current peace process, of their re-definition, as well as the effects of various strategies in working towards a 'shared future'. This line of inquiry questions how, in the context of transition, shifting frames of representation and communal belonging are being negotiated, and with what consequence. Photographs of the murals, and interviews with practitioners in community development, and academics in the field constituted the primary data. An interpretive analysis of the data was conducted through qualitative methods grounded in contemporary peace research. This analysis is conducted in three parts: the murals as cultural artefacts and coded texts; the murals in terms of both the processes involved in their production and the relationships that develop through them; and the mural as a site of political encounter, involving political strategies. The findings indicate that the social and governmental organizations included in this case study produced the murals as a means of establishing and legitimizing their public position in the changing context of transition, where, as the mode of conflict shifts from one of violence to one of persuasion, social groups work to adapt to it. The analysis of these displays, and of the processes behind them, demonstrates how relationships of power are being negotiated and re-structured, and identifies how the people they claim to represent are thus being imagined and 'positioned'. These imaginings are significant in that they are potentially constitutive, and may inform the basis on which the organization relates to the local population, as well as the ways in which they connect those who constitute their local to the current political order. Considering that the question of political representation is inseparable from questions of political participation, the observations that emerged through the analysis pointed to the need for further research on the fragmentation of civic culture in Northern Ireland, and suggest that excavating differing notions of 'the public' would serve this purpose well

Turbulent Natural Convection in an Enclosure at Varying Aspect Ratio

Energy transfer mechanism in most technical flows is through turbulent natural convection due to low viscosity of the fluids used in technical applications. Consequently, there is need to establish the parameters that influence the flow field of turbulent flow regime in order to enhance the energy-efficacy of many thermal applications. In order to establish the influence of the geometrical configuration of the flow domain on the flow field, we obtain and analyze the distribution of the velocity and temperature fields of a Boussinesq buoyancy-driven turbulent flow field in a locally heated and cooled enclosure for while maintaining the Rayleigh number of the flow at . To filter out the enormous turbulent scales inherent in the turbulent flow regime, we decompose the flow variables present in the instantaneous equations governing a viscous Boussinesq buoyant flow and subject the resulting equations to the Reynolds averaging process to obtain equations that governs the turbulent flow field. We resolve the turbulent quantities emanating from this process using the  turbulence model coupled with the Boussinesq approximation. To ensure the satisfaction of the conservation laws at the discrete level and over the entire solution domain, the non-dimensionalized equations are discretized using the robust finite volume method. The method possesses the ability to adapt a grid structure that captures the local features of the flow domain and imposes the integral form of the governing equations to each finite volume of the discretized solution domain so that the final mathematical formulation has an intimate connection to the actual physical situation. Since the equations are coupled, a segregated pressure-based iterative method is used to obtain the solution. The results revealed that the velocity and temperature fields are non-uniformly distributed in the enclosure and their magnitude and distribution significantly depend on the Aspect ratio of the enclosure. The results are consistent with the experimental results of Markatos and Pericleous (Markatos & Pericleous, 1984). Keywords: Aspect Ratio, Boussinesq, Buoyancy, Natural Convection, Reynolds Stresses, Turbulent heat flux

Turbulent Natural Convection in an Enclosure at Varying Rayleigh Number

Most fluids used in technical applications are of low viscosity; hence, fluid flows encountered in engineering applications are mostly turbulent. Parameters that influence the distribution of the flow field of turbulent flow regimes thus significantly affect the performance of many thermal systems. In this study, we analyze the distribution of the flow field of a Boussinesq buoyancy-driven turbulent airflow fo

Adenosine receptors in the isolated rabbit afferent and efferent arterioles

Adenosine has been noted as one of the endogenous modulators of renal hemodynamics. Renal hemodynamic was mainly regulated by two resistance vessels, the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole. However, there is still no consensus as to the intrarenal vascular action site of adenosine. In this study, we examined the direct effect of adenosine on the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent and efferent arterioles. Adenosine decreased the lumen diameter of microperfused afferent arterioles dose-dependently (Control : 14.35±0.97μm, adenosine 10-7M : 12.73±1.40μm, 10-6M : 8.18±1.21μm, 10-5M : 4.33±1.16μm, n=6). Adenosine increased the lumen diameter of adenosine A1 antagonist, 8-(normantan-3-yl)-1,3-dipropylxanthin (KW-3902), pretreated-microperfused afferent arterioles preconstricted by norepinephrine. Pretreatment with adenosine A2 antagonist, (E)-1,3,-dipropyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methylxanthin (KF-7837), enhanced adenosine induced-afferent arteriolar vasoconstrictor effect. Adenosine did not change the lumen diameter of microperfused efferent arterioles, but adenosine increased the lumen diameter of norepinephrine preconstricted-microperfused efferent arterioles. The present data suggest that the afferent arterioles possesses both adenosine A1 and A2 receptors and the efferent arterioles possesses predominantly adenosine A2 receptors at least in the rabbit kidney