An Assessment of Tire-Buying Among Millennial Consumers

This study first examines general purchasing trends among millennial consumers before digging into the perceptions that millennial consumers have of the tire-purchasing experience. Our initial hypothesis was that the negative view of tire-purchasing held by many millennial age consumers was driven by the difficulty of the process itself. Through our own research, we discovered that it is the perceptions held by those who have not yet purchased tires rather than the reality of the purchasing experience that is the issue

Femtosecond x-ray diffraction from an aerosolized beam of protein nanocrystals

We demonstrate near-atomic-resolution Bragg diffraction from aerosolized single granulovirus crystals using an x-ray free-electron laser. The form of the aerosol injector is nearly identical to conventional liquid-microjet nozzles, but the x-ray-scattering background is reduced by several orders of magnitude by the use of helium carrier gas rather than liquid. This approach provides a route to study the weak diffuse or lattice-transform signal arising from small crystals. The high speed of the particles is particularly well suited to upcoming MHz-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers

Análisis de costos y gastos para la determinación de la cuota adecuada de alquiler-venta a los socios de la empresa Transportes Huanchaco S.A. de Trujillo

RESUMEN El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como principal propósito, aportar a la Empresa de Transportes Huanchaco, la determinación de una cuota adecuada de alquiler venta que se cobrará al socio. El objetivo que persigue es determinar si el análisis de costos y gastos permitirá identificar una cuota adecuada de alquiler venta, la cual se le cobrará al socio. Esta identificación se realiza mediante la observación, análisis y clasificación de cada costo (costo de adquisición y costo por el servicio de alquiler) y gastos (gastos administrativos y financieros). La cuota adecuada está compuesta por los costos y gastos antes mencionados de acuerdo al análisis realizado, además se agregó un porcentaje mínimo de rentabilidad por el servicio prestado, con el objeto de no tener diferencias tributarias con SUNAT, más el Impuesto General a las Ventas, que debe ser asumido en sus totalidad por el socio. En el análisis de la cuota cobrada anteriormente se precisaron contingencias tributarias, tales como impuestos presuntos, los cuales pueden afectar a la empresa con sanciones tributarias, por lo que en esta investigación se determinó el importe de estos impuestos omitidos y las multas que se ocasionarían en una posible fiscalización. Las autoras realizan esta investigación con fines académicos y a espera de que la propuesta de la nueva cuota adecuada sirva como base para que a partir de la fecha y futuros planes semejantes sirvan como base y motiven a la Junta General de Accionistas continuar trabajando en la renovación de sus flotas sin perjuicio a la Empresa de Transportes Huanchaco S.A.ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research is to provide the “Empresa de Transportes Huanchaco S.A” with the final figure of an appropriate rental-sale fee, whick will be charged to the associated partners. The objective is to establish whether the cost and expense analysis will deliver an appropriate fee for rental-sales services, which will be charged to the partners. This setting is made through observation, analysis and classification of each cost (cost of acquisition and cost for the rental service) and expenses (administrative and financial expenses) The appropriate fee consists of the costs and expenses mentioned before according to the analysis made, plus a minimum percentage of profitability added for the service provided, in order not to have tax differences with SUNAT plus the General Sales Tax, that must be totally assumed by the partner. In the analysis of the quoted fee previously mentioned tax contingencies were included, such as estimated taxes, those which may affect the company’s liability to tax penalties, therefore in this investigation it was determined the amount of these omitted taxes and the fines that would be incurred in a possible audit. The authors carry out this research for academic purposes and are waiting for the new proposed fee to serve as a basis from now on and for future similar plans and motivate the General Shareholders’ Meeting to continue working on the renewal of its fleet without harm to the Transporte Huanchaco Company S

New aerodynamic lens injector for single particle diffractive imaging

An aerodynamic lens injector was developed specifically for the needs of single-particle diffractive imaging experiments at free-electron lasers. Its design allows for quick changes of injector geometries and focusing properties in order to optimize injection for specific individual samples. Here, we present results of its first use at the FLASH free-electron-laser facility. Recorded diffraction patterns of polystyrene spheres are modeled using Mie scattering, which allowed for the characterization of the particle beam under diffractive-imaging conditions and yield good agreement with particle-trajectory simulations

Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser

Citation: van der Schot, G., Svenda, M., Maia, F., Hantke, M., DePonte, D. P., Seibert, M. M., . . . Ekeberg, T. (2015). Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser. Nature Communications, 6, 9. doi:10.1038/ncomms6704There exists a conspicuous gap of knowledge about the organization of life at mesoscopic levels. Ultra-fast coherent diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers can probe structures at the relevant length scales and may reach sub-nanometer resolution on micron-sized living cells. Here we show that we can introduce a beam of aerosolised cyanobacteria into the focus of the Linac Coherent Light Source and record diffraction patterns from individual living cells at very low noise levels and at high hit ratios. We obtain two-dimensional projection images directly from the diffraction patterns, and present the results as synthetic X-ray Nomarski images calculated from the complex-valued reconstructions. We further demonstrate that it is possible to record diffraction data to nanometer resolution on live cells with X-ray lasers. Extension to sub-nanometer resolution is within reach, although improvements in pulse parameters and X-ray area detectors will be necessary to unlock this potential.Additional Authors: Almeida, N. F.;Odic, D.;Hasse, D.;Carlsson, G. H.;Larsson, D. S. D.;Barty, A.;Martin, A. V.;Schorb, S.;Bostedt, C.;Bozek, J. D.;Rolles, D.;Rudenko, A.;Epp, S.;Foucar, L.;Rudek, B.;Hartmann, R.;Kimmel, N.;Holl, P.;Englert, L.;Loh, N. T. D.;Chapman, H. N.;Andersson, I.;Hajdu, J.;Ekeberg, T

Electronic damage in S atoms in a native protein crystal induced by an intense X-ray free-electron laser pulse

Current hard X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources can deliver doses to biological macromolecules well exceeding 1 GGy, in timescales of a few tens of femtoseconds. During the pulse, photoionization can reach the point of saturation in which certain atomic species in the sample lose most of their electrons. This electronic radiation damage causes the atomic scattering factors to change, affecting, in particular, the heavy atoms, due to their higher photoabsorption cross sections. Here, it is shown that experimental serial femtosecond crystallography data collected with an extremely bright XFEL source exhibit a reduction of the effective scattering power of the sulfur atoms in a native protein. Quantitative methods are developed to retrieve information on the effective ionization of the damaged atomic species from experimental data, and the implications of utilizing new phasing methods which can take advantage of this localized radiation damage are discussed

Coherent diffraction of single Rice Dwarf virus particles using hard X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Single particle diffractive imaging data from Rice Dwarf Virus (RDV) were recorded using the Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). RDV was chosen as it is a wellcharacterized model system, useful for proof-of-principle experiments, system optimization and algorithm development. RDV, an icosahedral virus of about 70 nm in diameter, was aerosolized and injected into the approximately 0.1 mu m diameter focused hard X-ray beam at the CXI instrument of LCLS. Diffraction patterns from RDV with signal to 5.9 angstrom ngstrom were recorded. The diffraction data are available through the Coherent X-ray Imaging Data Bank (CXIDB) as a resource for algorithm development, the contents of which are described here.11Ysciescopu

Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser

There exists a conspicuous gap of knowledge about the organization of life at mesoscopic levels. Ultra-fast coherent diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers can probe structures at the relevant length scales and may reach sub-nanometer resolution on micron-sized living cells. Here we show that we can introduce a beam of aerosolised cyanobacteria into the focus of the Linac Coherent Light Source and record diffraction patterns from individual living cells at very low noise levels and at high hit ratios. We obtain two-dimensional projection images directly from the diffraction patterns, and present the results as synthetic X-ray Nomarski images calculated from the complex-valued reconstructions. We further demonstrate that it is possible to record diffraction data to nanometer resolution on live cells with X-ray lasers. Extension to sub-nanometer resolution is within reach, although improvements in pulse parameters and X-ray area detectors will be necessary to unlock this potential

A data set from flash X-ray imaging of carboxysomes

Ultra-intense femtosecond X-ray pulses from X-ray lasers permit structural studies on single particles and biomolecules without crystals. We present a large data set on inherently heterogeneous, polyhedral carboxysome particles. Carboxysomes are cell organelles that vary in size and facilitate up to 40% of Earth's carbon fixation by cyanobacteria and certain proteobacteria. Variation in size hinders crystallization. Carboxysomes appear icosahedral in the electron microscope. A protein shell encapsulates a large number of Rubisco molecules in paracrystalline arrays inside the organelle. We used carboxysomes with a mean diameter of 115±26 nm from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. A new aerosol sample-injector allowed us to record 70,000 low-noise diffraction patterns in 12 min. Every diffraction pattern is a unique structure measurement and high-throughput imaging allows sampling the space of structural variability. The different structures can be separated and phased directly from the diffraction data and open a way for accurate, high-throughput studies on structures and structural heterogeneity in biology and elsewhere

A data set from flash X-ray imaging of carboxysomes

Citation: Hantke, M. F., Hasse, D., Ekeberg, T., John, K., Svenda, M., Loh, D., . . . Maia, F. R. N. C. (2016). A data set from flash X-ray imaging of carboxysomes. Scientific Data, 3. doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.61Ultra-intense femtosecond X-ray pulses from X-ray lasers permit structural studies on single particles and biomolecules without crystals. We present a large data set on inherently heterogeneous, polyhedral carboxysome particles. Carboxysomes are cell organelles that vary in size and facilitate up to 40% of Earth's carbon fixation by cyanobacteria and certain proteobacteria. Variation in size hinders crystallization. Carboxysomes appear icosahedral in the electron microscope. A protein shell encapsulates a large number of Rubisco molecules in paracrystalline arrays inside the organelle. We used carboxysomes with a mean diameter of 115±26 nm from Halothiobacillus neapolitanus. A new aerosol sample-injector allowed us to record 70,000 low-noise diffraction patterns in 12 min. Every diffraction pattern is a unique structure measurement and high-throughput imaging allows sampling the space of structural variability. The different structures can be separated and phased directly from the diffraction data and open a way for accurate, high-throughput studies on structures and structural heterogeneity in biology and elsewhere