Flow-induced Agitations Create a Granular Fluid

We fluidize a granular medium through localized stirring and probe the mechanical response of quiescent regions far away from the main flow. In these regions the material behaves like a liquid: high-density probes sink, low-density probes float at the depth given by Archimedes' law, and drag forces on moving probes scale linearly with the velocity. The fluid-like character of the material is set by agitations generated in the stirred region, suggesting a non-local rheology: the relation between applied stress and observed strain rate in one location depends on the strain rate in another location

Establishing implantation uncertainties for focal brachytherapy with I-125 seeds for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.

Background. The efficacy of focal continuous low dose-rate brachytherapy (CLDR-BT) for prostate cancer requires that appropriate margins are applied to ensure robust target coverage. In this study we propose a method to establish such margins by emulating a focal treatment in patients treated with CLDR-BT to the entire gland. Material and methods. In 15 patients with localized prostate cancer, prostate volumes and dominant intra-prostatic lesions were delineated on pre-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Delineations and MRI were registered to trans-rectal ultrasound images in the operating theater. The patients received CLDR-BT treatment to the total prostate volume. The implantation consisted of two parts: an experimental focal plan covering the dominant intra-prostatic lesion (F-GTV), followed by a plan containing additional seeds to achieve entire prostate coverage. Isodose surfaces were reconstructed using follow-up computed tomography (CT). The focal dose was emulated by reconstructing seeds from the focal plan only. The distance to agreement between planned and delivered isodose surfaces and F-GTV coverage was determined to calculate the margin required for robust treatment. Results. If patients had been treated only focally, the target volume would have been reduced from an average of 40.9 cm(3) for the entire prostate to 5.8 cm(3) for the focal plan. The D-90 for the F-GTV in the focal plan was 195 +/-. 60 Gy, the V-100 was 94% [range 71-100%]. The maximum distance (cd(95)) between the planned and delivered isodose contours was 0.48 cm. Conclusions. This study provides an estimate of 0.5 cm for the margin required for robust coverage of a focal target volume prior to actually implementing a focal treatment protoco