Development of small- and middle-scale enterprises in the food industry of a region

Market reforms in Russia have led to considerable structural and institutional transformations in the agro-food sector related to intensive development of the small and middle businesses in the regional economy. The paper presents the regularities of evolution of the small and middle business undertakings and shows their role in the development of the competitive environment in the region as well as in the creation of new jobs and saturation of the food market. The authors research the macroeconomic and institutional conditions and factors that determine the specific features of development of small business in the food industry of a region and reveal its competitive advantages in a regional economic system. Furthermore, the paper presents the results of examination of the 'shadow' model of behavior of small and middle businesses in the transitional economy. The authors have worked out a concept of development of small and middle enterprises operating in the food industry of the regional agrofood systems which is based on the processes of formation of clusters of the interconnected sectors of the regional economy and on the new relations between large and small enterprises. The paper sets out the directions of improvement of the regional policies of development of small and middle businesses that include the improvement of the legal framework, the selection of priorities of development of small business, the drawing up of regional target programs and utilization of the local budget resources to provide financial and investment support to the small and middle enter-prises of the food industry. Additionally, the authors show the directions of development of the small business infrastructure. Proposed in the paper are also the directions of coordination of the financial, credit and tax regulation of small and middle enterprises of the regional food industries aimed at ensuring the added value growth and increase in efficiency.

Supply regulation at Russian regional markets

The central concept of the Russian agro-industrial production stabilization programme is a combination of market relations with government protectionist policy. The results achieved in the course of agrarian reforms in Russian regions indicate that there have been provided important legal and organizational conditions for successful functioning of multi-layer agriculture and formation of land market. However, as the paper shows, the agrarian reform still fails to bring about any growth in production. The present situation is such that if the current trends in AIC remain the downswing in production may make another 15% in the nearest years. This requires immediate measures to be taken in order to increase food supply and protect the domestic commodity producers. For the purpose of planning a strategy of further reforms in AIC there have been identified the basic factors of stabilization of regional food markets. The paper contains the results of correlation-regression analysis and the typology of Russian regions based on the evaluation of the factors that govern the food demand and supply and the complex indicator of the level and structure of nourishment. It is shown that if the Russian food market is localized within the bounds of individual regions then the principal factors restraining food consumption are the low level of quality ecologically pure products. The paper also contains suggestions associated with improvement of the taxation system in part it is applied to agricultural commodity producers. principal factors restraining food consumption are the low level of development of the agrarian sector in the region and the insufficient provision of the local processing enterprises with raw agricultural produce. It is proven that the regional agrarian policy must pay due respect for the specific natural and climatic features as well as for the resource potential of the region. Along with this it is clear that food self-provision of regions must not in any way neutralize the production specialization and hamper the development of inter-regional ties. The research shows that the existing underdeveloped market environment is the cause for the low effectiveness of market means of regulation like interest rates and tax privileges. The application of direct economic instruments of regulation such as compensations for the agricultural producers' expenses, intervention purchases, subsidies and budget allocations for realization of investment programmes seems more reasonable in this situation. It is important that the agricultural commodity producers be supported selectively, the most effective ones having the priority. The authors outline some fundamental principles of a flexible price mechanism. The latter allows for the prices adjusted on federal and regional levels, pledge and target prices and price differentials for high quality ecologically pure products. The paper also contains suggestions associated with improvement of the taxation system in part it is applied to agricultural commodity producers.

Sanitary and phytosanitary issues for the Customs Union of Russian Federation Belarus and Kazakhstan in relation to trade with other CIS countries and the EU, with special reference to food of non-animal origin and phytosanitary controls

This article examines the regulatory impact of SPS measures applied by the Members of the Eurasian Customs Union (CU) on trade with other countries, first, by looking at Russia’s SPS legislative regime before and after its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the degree of compliance with the principles of the WTO's SPS Agreement. This includes references to some laws and regulations of the subjects of the Russian Federation (such as Republics, Oblast, Krai) as well as the Federal legislation applicable to the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Second, it analyses the adoption of SPS measures by the CU in relation to trade within the CU and with other countries, taking into account background provided in a related article by the same authors. Russia is a key for understanding the issues of trade regulation because Russia’s case for joining WTO was made on the basis of the CU. For this reason, the adoption of SPS measures by Kazakhstan (in accession negotiations) and by the Kyrgyz Republic (WTO Member since 1998 and candidate for membership of CU) are discussed and compared. The article concludes with a discussion of the key issues about SPS measures and trade in the CU that were raised in the introduction

continuous education of the teacher as needed condition of personal professional growth

This article defines the essence of continuing education for modern society. The essence of the concept of «continuous education» and its applicability in teaching activities is disclosedВ данной статье определяется суть непрерывного образования для современного общества. Раскрыта сущность понятия «непрерывное образование» и применяемость его в педагогической деятельност

Relevant problems and the prospects of increase in effective management of the educational organizations in the system of secondary professional education

In article ways and possibilities of increase in effective management of education in the system of secondary professional education are analyzedВ статье анализируются пути и возможности повышения эффективности управления образованием в системе СП

Breakdown of a concavity property of mutual information for non-Gaussian channels

Let $S$ and $\tilde S$ be two independent and identically distributed random variables, which we interpret as the signal, and let $P_1$ and $P_2$ be two communication channels. We can choose between two measurement scenarios: either we observe $S$ through $P_1$ and $P_2$, and also $\tilde S$ through $P_1$ and $P_2$; or we observe $S$ twice through $P_1$, and $\tilde{S}$ twice through $P_2$. In which of these two scenarios do we obtain the most information on the signal $(S, \tilde S)$? While the first scenario always yields more information when $P_1$ and $P_2$ are additive Gaussian channels, we give examples showing that this property does not extend to arbitrary channels. As a consequence of this result, we show that the continuous-time mutual information arising in the setting of community detection on sparse stochastic block models is not concave, even in the limit of large system size. This stands in contrast to the case of models with diverging average degree, and brings additional challenges to the analysis of the asymptotic behavior of this quantity

Formation of the personality of a teacher-professional in the system of continuous professional education: acmeological approach

This article deals with issues related to the formation of the personality of a professional teacher in the system of continuing professional education, based on the acmeological approach; The author systematized the conditions for the implementation of the acmeological approach, focused on the formation of the acmeological orientation of the teacher’s personality, and also described the acmeological components of the teacher’s professional competenceВ статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с формированием личности педагога-профессионала в системе непрерывного профессионального образования с опорой на акмеологический подход; систематизированы условия реализации акмеологического подхода, ориентированные на формирование акмеологической направленности личности педагога, а также описаны акмеологические компоненты профессиональной компетентности преподавател

FACTORES DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA COMPETÊNCIA EM MATÉRIA DE INFORMAÇÃO E COMUNICAÇÃO NOS PROFESSORES DO SISTEMA INTERNO DE FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA DE UMA UNIVERSIDADE

The study focuses on factors in the development of information and communications competence. The authors describe the effects of the application of information and communications technology as an applied basis for developing information and communications competence and the impact of pedagogical competence as a theoretical foundation for the development of information and communications competence. The obtained findings are utilized to propose a comprehensive strategy to facilitate the development of information and communications competence in teachers accounting for all the significant factors in it and including all stages of its development. The presented approach ensures consistent development of the competencies from the development of educational programs and to self-assessment and further improvement of the skills. Considering such factors as the educational environment, individual psychological characteristics, pedagogical experience, and motivation, it is possible to considerably improve the results and utilize ICT to increase the quality of education.O estudo centra-se nos factores de desenvolvimento da competência em matéria de informação e comunicação. Os autores descrevem os efeitos da aplicação das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação como base aplicada para o desenvolvimento da competência em matéria de informação e comunicação e o impacto da competência pedagógica como base teórica para o desenvolvimento da competência em matéria de informação e comunicação. Os resultados obtidos são utilizados para propor uma estratégia abrangente para facilitar o desenvolvimento da competência em matéria de informação e comunicação nos professores, tendo em conta todos os factores significativos e incluindo todas as fases do seu desenvolvimento. A abordagem apresentada garante um desenvolvimento consistente das competências, desde o desenvolvimento de programas educativos até à autoavaliação e ao aperfeiçoamento das competências. Considerando factores como o ambiente educativo, as características psicológicas individuais, a experiência pedagógica e a motivação, é possível melhorar consideravelmente os resultados e utilizar as TIC para aumentar a qualidade da educação