Potential of consumer EEG for real-time interactions in immersive VR

Abstract. Virtual reality is an active research subject and has received a lot of attention over the last few years. We have seen multiple commercial VR devices, each improving upon the last iteration become available to the wider public. In addition, interest in brain-computer interface (BCI) devices has increased rapidly. As these devices are becoming more affordable and easy to use, we are presented with more accessible options to measure brain activity. In this study, our aim is to combine these two technologies to enhance the interaction within a virtual environment. In this study we sought to facilitate interaction in VR by using EEG signals. The EEG signals were used to estimate the volume of focus. By applying this concept with VR, we designed two use cases for further exploration. The methods of interactions explored in the study were telekinesis and teleportation. Telekinesis seemed an applicable option for this study since it allows the utilization of the EEG while maintaining a captivating and engaging user experience. With teleportation, the goal was the exploration of different options for locomotion in VR. To test our solution, we built a test environment by using Unity engine. We also invited several participants to gain feedback on the usability and accuracy of our methodology. For evaluation, 13 study participants were divided into two different groups. The other group tested our actual solution for the estimation of the focus. However, the other group used randomized values for the same purpose. Some key differences between the test groups were identified. We were able to create a working prototype where the users could interact with the environment by using their EEG signals. With some improvements, this could be expanded to a more refined solution with a better user experience. There is a lot of potential in combining the use of human brain signals with virtual environments to both enrich the interaction and increase the immersion of virtual reality.Kuluttaja-EEG laitteiden potentiaali reaaliaikaiseen vuorovaikutukseen immersiivisessä virtuaalitodellisuudessa. Tiivistelmä. Virtuaalitodellisuus (VR) on aktiivisen tutkimuksen kohde ja varsinkin viime vuosina herättänyt paljon huomiota. VR-laseissa on tapahtunut huomattavaa kehitystä ja niitä on saatavilla yhä laajemmalle käyttäjäkunnalle. Lisäksi kiinnostus aivo-tietokone -rajapintoihin (BCI) on kiihtymässä. Koska aivokäyrää mittaavat laitteet ovat yhä edullisempia ja kehittymässä helppokäyttöisemmiksi, monia uusia menetelmiä aivosignaalin mittamiseksi on saatavilla. Tässä työssä tavoitteemme oli yhdistää nämä kaksi teknologiaa parantaaksemme vuorovaikutusta virtuaalitodellisuudessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytimme aivosähkökäyrää VR-käyttäjäkokemuksen kehittämiseksi. Tätä tekniikkaa hyödyntäen arvioimme käyttäjän keskittymistä. Tutkimusta varten valitsimme kaksi vuorovaikutustapaa. Nämä tutkittavat tavat ovat telekinesia sekä teleportaatio. Telekinesia on mielenkiintoinen tapa hyödyntää aivosähkökäyrää luoden samalla mukaansatempaavan käyttäjäkokemuksen. Teleportaation päämääränä oli löytää uudenlaisia liikkumistapoja VR:ssä. Tutkimustamme varten, suunnittelimme testiympäristön Unity-pelimoottorilla. Kokosimme joukon testaajia, joiden avulla arvioimme työmme käyttökelpoisuutta sekä tarkkuutta. Saadaksemme luotettavampia testituloksia, jaoimme 13 testaajaa kahteen eri ryhmään. Toinen ryhmistä testasi varsinaista toteutustamme ja toinen ryhmä käytti satunnaistettuja keskittymisarvoja. Löysimme ratkaisevia eroja näiden kahden testiryhmän välillä. Onnistuimme kehittämään toimivan prototyypin, jossa käyttäjät kykenivät interaktioon virtuaaliympäristössä hyödyntäen aivosähkökäyrää. Jatkokehitystä tekemällä käyttäjäkokemusta olisi mahdollista parantaa entisestään. Integraatio aivosensoreiden ja virtuaalitodellisuuden välillä huokuu potentiaalia ja tarjoaa mahdollisuuksia tehdä virtuaalimaailmasta yhä immersiivisemmän

Characterization of Mixed Monolayers of Phosphatidylcholine and a Dicationic Gemini Surfactant SS-1 with a Langmuir Balance: Effects Of DNA

AbstractMonolayers of a cationic gemini surfactant, 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N;N-dimethyl-ammonium)butane dibromide (abbreviated as SS-1) and its mixtures with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) were studied using a Langmuir balance. More specifically, we measured the force-area (π-A) curves and determined the elastic area compressibility modulus (Cs−1) as a function of lateral packing pressure and the mole fraction of the cationic lipid (XSS-1), with and without DNA in the subphase. Both SS-1 and POPC exhibited smooth compression isotherms, indicating their monolayers to be in the liquid expanded state. Even low contents (XSS-1<0.05) of SS-1 in a POPC monolayer condensed the film dramatically, up to 20% at 30mN/m. This effect is suggested to reflect reorientation of the P−-N+ dipole of the POPC headgroup. Accordingly, the magnitude of the condensing effect diminishes with XSS-1 and is not observed for mixed films of dioleoylglycerol and SS-1. Reorientation of the P−-N+ dipole is further supported by the pronounced increase in monolayer dipole potential ψ due to SS-1. The presence of DNA in the subphase affected the mixed POPC/SS-1 monolayers differently depending on the constituent lipid stoichiometry as well as on the DNA/SS-1 charge ratio. At a DNA concentration of 0.63μM (in base pairs) condensation of neat POPC monolayers was evident, and this effect remained up to XSS-1<0.5, corresponding to DNA/SS-1 charge ratio of 1.25. An expansion due to DNA, evident as an increase in ΔA/molecule, was observed at XSS-1>0.5. At a higher concentration of DNA (1.88μM base pairs) in the subphase corresponding to DNA/SS-1 charge ratio of 3.75 at XSS-1=0.5, condensation was observed at all values of XSS-1

Cohort Profile : The Finnish Gestational Diabetes (FinnGeDi) Study

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Search for decays of the 125 GeV Higgs boson into a Z boson and a rho or phi meson

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Using Z Boson Events to Study Parton-Medium Interactions in Pb-Pb Collisions

The spectra measurements of charged hadrons produced in the shower of a parton originating in the same hard scattering with a leptonically decaying Z boson arc reported in lead-lead nuclei (Pb-Pb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. Both Pb-Pb and pp data sets are recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1) and 320 pb(-1), respectively. Hadronic collision data with one reconstructed Z boson candidate with the transverse momentum p(T) > 30 GeV/c are analyzed. The Z boson constrains the initial energy and direction of the associated parton. In heavy ion events, azimuthal angular distributions of charged hadrons with respect to the direction of a Z boson are sensitive to modifications of the in-medium parton shower and medium response. compared to reference data from pp interactions, the results for central Pb-Pb collisions indicate a modification of the angular correlations. The measurements of the fragmentation functions and p(T) spectra of charged particles in Z boson events, which are sensitive to medium modifications of the parton shower longitudinal structure, are also reported. Significant modifications in central Pb-Pb events compared to the pp reference data are also found for these observables.Peer reviewe

Evidence for X(3872) in Pb-Pb Collisions and Studies of its Prompt Production at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The first evidence for X(3872) production in relativistic heavy ion collisions is reported. The X(3872) production is studied in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair, using the decay chain X(3872) -> J/psi pi(+)pi(-) -> mu(+) mu(-) pi(+)pi(-). The data were recorded with the CMS detector in 2018 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1). The measurement is performed in the rapidity and transverse momentum ranges vertical bar y vertical bar < 1.6 and 15 < p(T) < 50 GeV/c. The significance of the inclusive X(3872) signal is 4.2 standard deviations. The prompt X(3872) to psi 2S yield ratio is found to be rho(Pb-Pb) = 1.08 +/- 0.49(stat) +/- 0.52(syst), to be compared with typical values of 0.1 for pp collisions. This result provides a unique experimental input to theoretical models of the X(3872) production mechanism, and of the nature of this exotic state.Peer reviewe

Observation of the Production of Three Massive Gauge Bosons at root s=13 TeV

The first observation is reported of the combined production of three massive gauge bosons (VVV with V = W, Z) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The analysis is based on a data sample recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). The searches for individualWWW, WWZ, WZZ, and ZZZ production are performed in final states with three, four, five, and six leptons (electrons or muons), or with two same-sign leptons plus one or two jets. The observed (expected) significance of the combinedVVV production signal is 5.7 (5.9) standard deviations and the corresponding measured cross section relative to the standard model prediction is 1.02(-0.23)(+0.26). The significances of the individual WWW and WWZ production are 3.3 and 3.4 standard deviations, respectively. Measured production cross sections for the individual triboson processes are also reported.Peer reviewe

Search for a heavy resonance decaying to a top quark and a W boson at root s=13 TeV in the fully hadronic final state

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Measurements of the differential cross sections of the production of Z plus jets and gamma plus jets and of Z boson emission collinear with a jet in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

Measurements of the differential cross sections of Z + jets and gamma + jets production, and their ratio, are presented as a function of the boson transverse momentum. Measurements are also presented of the angular distribution between the Z boson and the closest jet. The analysis is based on pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The results, corrected for detector effects, are compared with various theoretical predictions. In general, the predictions at higher orders in perturbation theory show better agreement with the measurements. This work provides the first measurement of the ratio of the differential cross sections of Z + jets and gamma + jets production at 13 TeV, as well as the first direct measurement of Z bosons emitted collinearly with a jet.Peer reviewe

A Deep Neural Network for Simultaneous Estimation of b Jet Energy and Resolution

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