Light Figures and Surface Structures Revealed by Chemically Etched Germanium Single Crystals

Light figures projected on a plate screen from germanium single crystals, polished mechanically and etched with various chemical reagents, are examined in order to find out light figures or etching directions suitable for the orientation determination. In. formation regarding surface structures of germanium single crystals developed by mechanical polishing and by chemical etching has been obtained from the analysis of the observed light figures and from microscopic observations of crystal surfaces. It has been found that distinct light figures suitable for the orientation work are obtained by a short time etching with concentrated nitric acid plus water (1 : 1 and 3 : 7 ; 70℃), with concentrated nitric acid plus water plus hydrofluoric acid plus silver nitrate (45 cc+45 cc+10 cc+50 or 20 mg, and 20 cc+40 cc+40 cc+2 g), with hydrofluoric acid plus hydroperoxide plus water (1 : 1 : 4), and with 30 percent hydroperoxide (100℃). Among these etchants, hydrofluoric acid plus hydroperoxide plus water (1 : 1 : 4) is most suited for accurate orientation determination. Generally, crystal faces developed by etching have been found to be those belonging to the principal crystal zones, but dilute nitric acid heated at 70℃ develops some additional high-index crystal faces belonging to a high-index crystal zone. There is a tendency that low-index crystal faces appear by a short time etching and high-index ones by a prolonged etching. It is to be added that relatively clear light figures are obtained on germanium crystals as polished with silicon carbide powder

Magnetic Hysteresis in Annealed Nickel-Cobalt Alloys

The magnetic hysteresis loops have been determined ballistically on annealed nickel-cobalt alloys covering the whole composition range, and their shape, remanence (I_R), and coercive force (H_C) have been studied. Generally, the hysteresis loops of γ-phase (face-centred cubic) alloys are narrow (low H_C) and steep (high I_R), those of ε-phase (close-packed hexagonal) alloys are wide (high H_C) and flat (low I_R), and those of γ+ε-phase alloys are intermediate between the two former. The hysteresis loops of γ-phase alloys containing more than about 25 percent cobalt usually take an abnormal shape like those of perminvars and permalloys. It is pointed out that such abnormal hysteresis loops may be explained by the occurence of an additional uniaxial anisotropy along the direction of magnetization vectors during annealing, which may also be responsible for the effect of magnetic annealing on ferromagnetic solid solutions, as noted recently by us^. The observed I_R values for γ-phase alloys are shown to lie between the two extreme theoretical values derived assuming either that all of the directions of easy magnetization in every crystal grains are energetically isotropic or that only one of them is preferred. H_C as a function of the composition is discussed in terms of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, magnetoelastic energy and induced uniaxial anisotropy. It is also pointed out that both I_R and H_C in ε-phase alloys may be influenced by the presence of free magnetic poles at grain boundaries

孤独を癒やすということ―アーノルド・ローベル「おてがみ」を読む―

　小学校国語教材「おてがみ」（アーノルド・ローベル）は、一般に理解されているように、手紙をもらったことが一度もなくて落ち込んでいたがまくんが、かえるくんから手紙をもらい、元気を取り戻す物語ではない。注目すべきは、がまくんを驚かそうと思ったかえるくんが、足が極端に遅いかたつむりに手紙の配達を依頼するというドジを踏んだことである。これにより、以降の展開はかえるくんの目論見通りにならず、がまくんの喜びも幾分か減じたはずなのである。ところが、その失策がかえって思いもかけない豊饒な結果をもたらすところに、この物語のユニークな特質がある。他者の孤独を癒やすための実践的な知恵が、さりげない形で盛り込まれているところに、「おてがみ」という物語の素晴らしさがある

別役実「愛のサーカス」を読む

別役実の短編小説「愛のサーカス」は、かつて中学校1 年生向け国語教科書に掲載されていた、ユニークな内容の教材である（『新しい国語1』、『新編新しい国語1』東京書籍、平成二年度～十二年度）。十年以上のブランクを経て、平成二十六年度より高等学校向けの国語教科書に掲載されることとなった（『探求現代文B』桐原書店、高校3 年生配当）。なぜこのように配当学年が大きく変わったのか。それは「細部の発見」によって、小説の解釈が大きく変化したためだというのが本稿の主張である。これまで見すごされてきた「細部」（根拠）に着目することで、中心人物の一人である少年の人物像の理解が深まると同時に、それと連動する形で変化したラストシーンの論理的な説明が複雑であるため、配当学年が大きく変化したのではないかと主張した

〔調査報告〕1923 年の『大阪朝日新聞 神戸附録』その１

We, the Society for the Research of Modern Culture of Kobe, have been studying the cultural formation of the port city of Kobe from various aspects. In this paper（ which will form the first part of our whole research） we deliver a report on the trend of movies, theater, performing arts, fine arts and photography in the city, by scrutinizing a series of articles, Zassô-en, written by the Kobe correspondents, in the newspaper Kobe Furoku, Osaka Asahi Shimbun, issued in 1923. Through the Zassô-en articles we can see not only various incidents reported by the correspondents but also their love for their hometown, which encouraged them to plan and carry out diverse cultural and artistic events in the town. We can also find the trend of the picture houses and moviegoers in Shinkaichi, Kobe, in those days, especially the way the entrepreneurs attracted people. Concerning the theater, the articles tell us that the things gladly accepted then were comedy and Shinkokugeki

Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus

The brain hypothalamus contains certain secreted molecules that are important in regulating feeding behaviour. Here we show that nesfatin, corresponding to NEFA/nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), a secreted protein of unknown function, is expressed in the appetite-control hypothalamic nuclei in rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of NUCB2 reduces feeding. Rat cerebrospinal fluid contains nesfatin-1, an amino-terminal fragment derived from NUCB2, and its expression is decreased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus under starved conditions. I.c.v. injection of nesfatin-1 decreases food intake in a dose-dependent manner, whereas injection of an antibody neutralizing nesfatin-1 stimulates appetite. In contrast, i.c.v. injection of other possible fragments processed from NUCB2 does not promote satiety, and conversion of NUCB2 to nesfatin-1 is necessary to induce feeding suppression. Chronic i.c.v. injection of nesfatin-1 reduces body weight, whereas rats gain body weight after chronic i.c.v. injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotide against the gene encoding NUCB2. Nesfatin-1-induced anorexia occurs in Zucker rats with a leptin receptor mutation, and an anti-nesfatin-1 antibody does not block leptin-induced anorexia. In contrast, central injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone elevates NUCB2 gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus, and satiety by nesfatin-1 is abolished by an antagonist of the melanocortin-3/4 receptor. We identify nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule that is associated with melanocortin signalling in the hypothalamus