85 research outputs found

    A propagation effects handbook for satellite systems design. A summary of propagation impairments on 10-100 GHz satellite links, with techniques for system design

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    This handbook provides satellite system engineers with a concise summary of the major propagation effects experienced on Earth-space paths in the 10 to 100 GHz frequency range. The dominant effect, attenuation due to rain, is dealt with in terms of both experimental data from measurements made in the U.S. and Canada, and the mathematical and conceptual models devised to explain the data. Rain systems, rain and attenuation models, depolarization and experimental data are described. The design techniques recommended for predicting propagation effects in Earth-space communications systems are presented. The questions of where in the system design process the effects of propagation should be considered, and what precautions should be taken when applying the propagation results are addressed in order to bridge the gap between the propagation research data and the classical link budget analysis of Earth-space communications system

    Polymorphism of viral dsRNA in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous strains isolated from different geographic areas

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Strains of the astaxanthin producing yeast <it>Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous </it>have been isolated from different cold regions around the earth, and the presence of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) elements was described in some isolates. This kind of viruses is widely distributed among yeasts and filamentous fungi and, although generally are cryptic in function, their studies have been a key factor in the knowledge of important fungi. In this work, the characterization and genetic relationships among dsRNA elements were determined in strains representatives of almost all regions of the earth where <it>X. dendrorhous </it>have been isolated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Almost all strains of <it>X. dendrorhous </it>analyzed carry one, two or four dsRNA elements, of molecular sizes in the range from 0.8 to 5.0 kb. Different dsRNA-patterns were observed in strains with different geographic origin, being L1 (5.0 kb) the common dsRNA element. By hybridization assays a high genomic polymorphism was observed among L1 dsRNAs of different <it>X. dendrorhous </it>strains. Contrary, hybridization was observed between L1 and L2 dsRNAs of strains from same or different regions, while the dsRNA elements of minor sizes (M, S1, and S2) present in several strains did not show hybridization with neither L1 or L2 dsRNAs. Along the growth curve of UCD 67-385 (harboring four dsRNAs) an increase of L2 relative to L1 dsRNA was observed, whiles the S1/L1 ratio remains constant, as well as the M/L1 ratio of Patagonian strain. Strains cured of S2 dsRNA were obtained by treatment with anisomycin, and comparison of its dsRNA contents with uncured strain, revealed an increase of L1 dsRNA while the L2 and S1 dsRNA remain unaltered.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The dsRNA elements of <it>X. dendrorhous </it>are highly variable in size and sequence, and the dsRNA pattern is specific to the geographic region of isolation. Each L1 and L2 dsRNA are viral elements able to self replicate and to coexist into a cell, and L1 and S2 dsRNAs elements could be part of a helper/satellite virus system in <it>X. dendrorhous</it>.</p

    An Anillin-Ect2 Complex Stabilizes Central Spindle Microtubules at the Cortex during Cytokinesis

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    Cytokinesis occurs due to the RhoA-dependent ingression of an actomyosin ring. During anaphase, the Rho GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) Ect2 is recruited to the central spindle via its interaction with MgcRacGAP/Cyk-4, and activates RhoA in the central plane of the cell. Ect2 also localizes to the cortex, where it has access to RhoA. The N-terminus of Ect2 binds to Cyk-4, and the C-terminus contains conserved DH (Dbl homologous) and PH (Pleckstrin Homology) domains with GEF activity. The PH domain is required for Ect2's cortical localization, but its molecular function is not known. In cultured human cells, we found that the PH domain interacts with anillin, a contractile ring protein that scaffolds actin and myosin and interacts with RhoA. The anillin-Ect2 interaction may require Ect2's association with lipids, since a novel mutation in the PH domain, which disrupts phospholipid association, weakens their interaction. An anillin-RacGAP50C (homologue of Cyk-4) complex was previously described in Drosophila, which may crosslink the central spindle to the cortex to stabilize the position of the contractile ring. Our data supports an analogous function for the anillin-Ect2 complex in human cells and one hypothesis is that this complex has functionally replaced the Drosophila anillin-RacGAP50C complex. Complexes between central spindle proteins and cortical proteins could regulate the position of the contractile ring by stabilizing microtubule-cortical interactions at the division plane to ensure the generation of active RhoA in a discrete zone

    Laser treatment with preheating of cast iron elements

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    W publikacji przedstawiono przykładowe zastosowania żeliwa sferoidalnego oraz pokazano wyniki badań powierzchniowej obróbki laserowej (hartowania z przetopieniem i borowania) przeprowadzonej na tego rodzaju żeliwie. Badania pokazały możliwość powstawania pęknięć oraz sposób ich uniknięcia w strukturze warstwy powierzchniowej, tworzonej w wyniku obróbki laserowej. Zeprezentowano również wyniki badań pozwalające na utwardzanie warstwy powierzchniowej żeliwa sferoidalnego bez jego przetapiania.The article presents an exemplary application of ductile cast iron as well as reports the results of a study of surface laser treatment (hardening with melting and boronizing) conducted on ductile cast iron. The study demonstrates that defects are possible to emerge and develops a method to avoid them in the laser treated surface structure. Finally, the article discusses the results of the study which allow to harden ductile cast iron surface layer so that melting is avoided

    The effects of laser treatment on the abrasive wear resistance of selected iron machine parts - assessment

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    W publikacji zaprezentowano przykładowe możliwości wykorzystania w różnych gałęziach przemysłu bardzo popularnego materiału, jakim jest żeliwo. W opisywanych badaniach, prowadzonych na żeliwie sferoidalnym, sprawdzono zmiany mikrostruktury, możliwość wprowadzania boru, a także własności użytkowe (mikrotwardość, odporność na zużycie ścierne) warstw powierzchniowych, uzyskanych poprzez laserowe hartowanie i borowanie. Obróbkę laserową prowadzono z wstępnym podgrzaniem elementów przed obróbką wykorzystując laser molekularny CO2 typu TLF 2600t, firmy Trumpf o modzie TEM01.The paper presents examples of the possible use of a very popular material - cast iron - in various branches of industry and reports several studies on ductile cast iron. The aim of studies was to examine the transformations of the microstructure, the possible introduction of boron, as well as the characteristic properties (microhardness, abrasive wear resistance) of surface layers obtained by laser hardening and boronizing. The laser treatment reported in this paper has been performed with the pre-heating of elements, using CO2 molecular laser of TLF 2600t type, produced by Trumpf, with TEM01 mode

    Investigation of ductile iron alloyed laser

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    Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości wykorzystania stopowania laserowego borem w odniesieniu do elementów wykonanych z żeliwa. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań pozwalające na wytworzenie ciągłej warstwy na powierzchni zewnętrznej tulei z żeliwa sferoidalnego EN-GJS-600 przez borowanie laserowe. Obróbkę laserową przeprowadzono, wykorzystując laser molekularny CO2 typu TLF 2600t firmy Trumpf o modzie TEM01. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań tarciowych, w których porównano wartości zużycia czopów borowanych laserowo oraz bez obróbki powierzchniowej współpracujących z dwiema półpanewkami. Zaobserwowano wzrost odporności na zużycie przez tarcie dla próbek z wytworzoną ciągłą warstwą borowaną laserowo w stosunku do próbek odniesienia.Attention was drawn to the possibility of using laser alloying with boron in relation to components made of cast iron. The results of tests allowing the formation of a continuous layer on the surface of the outer sleeve made of cast iron EN-GJS-600 by laser boronizing are presented. Laser processing was carried out using a molecular CO2 laser TLF type 2600T, Trumpf TEM01 mode. It also presents the results of friction, which compared the use of plugs with boronated laser surface treatment and without cooperating with the two half-shells. There was an increase in the resistance to wear in the tested samples with a continuous layer of the resulting boronated laser relative to the reference samples

    Results of the test of laser boronizing of machine elements made of gray cast iron

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    W pracy przedstawiono badania zmierzające do opanowania technologii borowania laserowego elementów wykonanych z żeliwa szarego. Warstwy powierzchniowe wykonane tą technologią cechują się znaczną mikrotwardością i tym samym dużą odpornością na zużycie tribologiczne.This paper presents the research on establishing a laser boronizing technology of machine elements made of gray cast iron. Significant microhardness and following high tribological resistance are characteristic for surface layers created with the use of this technology

    Ocena jednorodności powierzchni części roboczej żeliwnych tarcz hamulcowych

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    This article deals with the one of the most important elements of modern braking systems, which is a brake disc. A brake disc is the one of more stressed parts of the braking system, and its quality and design largely determine the braking performance of the vehicle. The article describes the technology of manufacturing disc brake pads that is important from the point of view of the wear processes occurring between two friction surfaces: the brake disc and the brake pad lining. The research of the cast iron ventilated brake disc surface measured the values of the selected roughness parameters at this site. In the context of measurements, it was also determined to be able to maintain a certain value of selected geometric parameters at a given location for the group of brake discs tested of a specific type and manufactured by a particular manufacturer. The work was carried out in the aspect of the research to create a surface layer to protect the brake discs from the effects of corrosive wear.Artykuł dotyczy jednego z ważniejszych elementów współczesnych układów hamulcowych, którym jest tarcza hamulcowa. Tarcze hamulcowe są jednym z bardziej obciążonych elementów układu hamulcowego, a ich jakość i konstrukcja decydują w dużym stopniu o skuteczności hamulców w pojeździe. W części artykułu opisano technologię wytwarzania powierzchni roboczych tarcz hamulcowych ważną z punktu widzenia procesów zużyciowych zachodzących na styku powierzchni ciernej tarczy hamulcowej z powierzchnią cierną okładziny klocka hamulcowego. Wykonane pomiary powierzchni roboczej żeliwnych wentylowanych tarcz hamulcowych pozwoliły ustalić wartości wybranych parametrów chropowatości w tym miejscu. W kontekście pomiarów ustalono także zdolność do utrzymania określonej wartości wybranych parametrów struktury geometrycznej w danym miejscu dla grupy badanych tarcz hamulcowych określonego rodzaju i wyprodukowanych przez określonego producenta. Prace prowadzono w kontekście badań zmierzających do wytworzenia warstwy powierzchniowej zabezpieczającej tarcze hamulcowe przed skutkami zużywania korozyjnego
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