The Development of Group Stereotypes from Descriptions of Group Members: An Individual Difference Approach

This research examined the effects of Personal Need for Structure, Need for Closure, and Personal Fear of Invalidity on information processing during the development of stereotypes. In Study 1, participants read as many group member descriptions as they wanted before expressing group stereotypes. Participants higher in Personal Fear of Invalidity sought more information; they also developed more detailed stereotypes when they received more information, whereas participants lower in Personal Fear of Invalidity did not. There was a tendency for participants higher in Need for Structure & Closure to develop less accurate stereotypes. Finally, participants higher in Need for Structure & Closure or Personal Fear of Invalidity were less confident about their stereotypes when they received more information, whereas participants lower in Need for Structure & Closure or Personal Fear of Invalidity were more confident. In Study 2, participants were presented with two, four, or eight descriptions of group members before expressing stereotypes. Participants lower in Personal Fear of Invalidity developed more detailed stereotypes when they received more information, whereas participants higher in Personal Fear of Invalidity did not. When two or eight group member descriptions were presented (fewer or more than participants probably would have chosen themselves), participants higher in Personal Fear of Invalidity and lower in Need for Structure & Closure generated the most accurate stereotypes. Finally, participants higher in Need for Structure & Closure did not differ in stereotype confidence as a function of how much information they received, whereas participants lower in Need for Structure & Closure were more confident when they received more information. These results indicate that cognitive style plays a role in the development of group stereotypes

Public Perceptions of the Stigmatization of Wrongly Convicted Individuals: Findings from Semi-Structured Interviews

Many exonerees report stigmatizing experiences and difficulties securing gainful employment post-incarceration. Although researchers have begun to investigate public perceptions of wrongful conviction, there remains a dearth of knowledge about public perceptions of exonerees. To provide insight into how the public perceives exonerees, face-to-face interviews were conducted with members (n=30) of a suburban city in South Central Ontario. Data analysis included a constructed grounded approach to reveal emergent themes in the transcripts. All interviewees acknowledged that wrongly convicted individuals are stigmatized by the public and that this can have negative effects in many of their lived experiences. In addition, findings of this exploratory study suggest that some interviewees, indirectly or directly, stigmatize exonerees in their responses while being interviewed—lending insight into how the public views and reacts to exonerees. Findings and policy implications are theoretically framed in Erving Goffman’s (1963) seminal work on stigma. Implications include the potential role of research and education in informing community members, and all levels of government, about wrongful convictions in general, and the negative implications of stigma, in particular

La Representación de Elementos Históricamente Asociados con los Dominios Masculinos y Femeninos de los Estilos de vida de los Chicos y Hombres Metrosexuales

Differing presentations of masculinity exist that appear to differentially embody elements historically associated with masculine and feminine domains. Metrosexuality, for instance, has been associated with more feminine characteristics and lifestyle choices (Simpson, 1994a) while laddist masculinity was presumed to be more traditionally masculine given its focus on bachelorhood and hedonistic consumption. The present research investigated representations of stereotypical or hyper-masculine (sports, strength, cars) and stereotypical or hyper-feminine (fashion, beauty, dieting) content in a metrosexual and laddist men’s lifestyle magazine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that the magazines differed in the amount of hyper-masculine material related to sports and strength, but not cars, with laddist magazines portraying this information more than metrosexual magazines. In terms of stereotypical or hyper-feminine material, both laddist and metrosexual magazines depicted fashion frequently, but the metrosexual magazines did portray this information significantly more often. The magazines did not differ in the frequency of portrayals of beauty or dieting; however they did differ in how they portrayed these topics. Implications for masculinities are discussed.Existen diferentes manifestaciones de la masculinidad que incorporan elementos históricos asociados con los dominios masculinos y femeninos. La metrosexualidad, por ejemplo, se ha asociado con características y estilos de vida más femeninos (Simpson, 1994a), mientras que la masculinidad juvenil es tradicionalmente más masculina porque se centra en la soltería y el consumo hedonista. El presente artículo estudia las representaciones estereotipadas de contenido híper-masculino (deportes, fuerza, automóviles) o híper-femenino (moda, belleza, dietas) en revistas centrada en los estilos de vida metrosexual y de hombres jóvenes. Los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos sugieren que las revistas difieren en la cantidad de material híper-masculino relacionado con el deporte y la fuerza, pero no con la relacionada con los coches. En las revistas juveniles esta información está más reflejada que en las de orientación metrosexual. En términos del material estereotipado o híper-femenino, las revistas juveniles y metrosexuales reflejan la moda metrosexual con menor frecuencia que las revistas de carácter metrosexual. Las revistas no se diferencian en la frecuencia que representan la belleza o las dietas, sin embargo sí que lo hacen en como retratan estos aspectos. El artículo plantea la relación de todo ello con las masculinidades

La Representación de Elementos Históricamente Asociados con los Dominios Masculinos y Femeninos de los Estilos de vida de los Chicos y Hombres Metrosexuales

Differing presentations of masculinity exist that appear to differentially embody elements historically associated with masculine and feminine domains. Metrosexuality, for instance, has been associated with more feminine characteristics and lifestyle choices (Simpson, 1994a) while laddist masculinity was presumed to be more traditionally masculine given its focus on bachelorhood and hedonistic consumption. The present research investigated representations of stereotypical or hyper-masculine (sports, strength, cars) and stereotypical or hyper-feminine (fashion, beauty, dieting) content in a metrosexual and laddist men’s lifestyle magazine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that the magazines differed in the amount of hyper-masculine material related to sports and strength, but not cars, with laddist magazines portraying this information more than metrosexual magazines. In terms of stereotypical or hyper-feminine material, both laddist and metrosexual magazines depicted fashion frequently, but the metrosexual magazines did portray this information significantly more often. The magazines did not differ in the frequency of portrayals of beauty or dieting; however they did differ in how they portrayed these topics. Implications for masculinities are discussed.Existen diferentes manifestaciones de la masculinidad que incorporan elementos históricos asociados con los dominios masculinos y femeninos. La metrosexualidad, por ejemplo, se ha asociado con características y estilos de vida más femeninos (Simpson, 1994a), mientras que la masculinidad juvenil es tradicionalmente más masculina porque se centra en la soltería y el consumo hedonista. El presente artículo estudia las representaciones estereotipadas de contenido híper-masculino (deportes, fuerza, automóviles) o híper-femenino (moda, belleza, dietas) en revistas centrada en los estilos de vida metrosexual y de hombres jóvenes. Los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos sugieren que las revistas difieren en la cantidad de material híper-masculino relacionado con el deporte y la fuerza, pero no con la relacionada con los coches. En las revistas juveniles esta información está más reflejada que en las de orientación metrosexual. En términos del material estereotipado o híper-femenino, las revistas juveniles y metrosexuales reflejan la moda metrosexual con menor frecuencia que las revistas de carácter metrosexual. Las revistas no se diferencian en la frecuencia que representan la belleza o las dietas, sin embargo sí que lo hacen en como retratan estos aspectos. El artículo plantea la relación de todo ello con las masculinidades

The Portrayal of Elements Historically Associated with Masculine and Feminine Domains in Lad and Metrosexual Men's Lifestyle Magazines.

Differing presentations of masculinity exist that appear to differentially embody elements historically associated with masculine and feminine domains. Metrosexuality, for instance, has been associated with more feminine characteristics and lifestyle choices (Simpson, 1 994a) while laddist masculinity was presumed to be more traditionally masculine given its focus on bachelorhood and hedonistic consumption. The present research investigated representations of stereotypical or hyper-masculine (sports, strength, cars) and stereotypical or hyper-feminine (fashion, beauty, dieting) content in a metrosexual and laddist men�s lifestyle magazine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that the magazines differed in the amount of hyper-masculine material related to sports and strength, but not cars, with laddist magazines portraying this information more than metrosexual magazines. In terms of stereotypical or hyper-feminine material, both laddist and metrosexual magazines depicted fashion frequently, but the metrosexual magazines did portray this information significantly more often. The magazines did not differ in the frequency of portrayals of beauty or dieting; however they did differ in how they portrayed these topics. Implications for masculinities are discussed.Existen diferentes manifestaciones de la masculinidad que incorporan elementos históricos asociados con los dominios masculinos y femeninos. La metrosexualidad, por ejemplo, se ha asociado con características y estilos de vida más femeninos (Simpson, 1 994a), mientras que la masculinidad juvenil es tradicionalmente más masculina porque se centra en la soltería y el consumo hedonista. El presente artículo estudia las representaciones estereotipadas de contenido híper-masculino (deportes, fuerza, automóviles) o híper-femenino (moda, belleza, dietas) en revistas centrada en los estilos de vida metrosexual y de hombres jóvenes. Los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos sugieren que las revistas difieren en la cantidad de material híper-masculino relacionado con el deporte y la fuerza, pero no con la relacionada con los coches. En las revistas juveniles esta información está más reflejada que en las de orientación metrosexual. En términos del material estereotipado o híper-femenino, las revistas juveniles y metrosexuales reflejan la moda metrosexual con menor frecuencia que las revistas de carácter metrosexual. Las revistas no se diferencian en la frecuencia que representan la belleza o las dietas, sin embargo sí que lo hacen en como retratan estos aspectos. El artículo plantea la relación de todo ello con las masculinidades

Public support for restorative justice processes: effects of provocation, intent and harm

We tested whether observers’ support for restorative justice is contingent on the perception that an offender deserves respectful treatment. In a 2 (Intent: High, Low) x 2 (Harm: High, Low) x 2 (Provocation: High, Low) between-subjects experimental vignette study, we manipulated circumstances surrounding an assault. Results showed that: the offender’s intent to assault the victim affected observers’ perceptions that the offender deserved to be treated respectfully; participants believed the offender would be treated more respectfully in restorative justice than in court; and participants rated restorative justice more favorably than court on several measures. Implications for restorative justice development are discussed