The History and Development of a Consolidated Communications System and an Emergency Medical Services System in Nebraska

•A Chronology of Events •Nebraska Vital Statistics •A Consolidated Communications Concept •A Total Emergency Medical Service System Concept •The Nebraska Adjutant General\u27s Study of Telecommunications •Nebraska State Civil Defense •The Nebraska Consolidated Communications Corporation •Emergency Telecommunications Service: Planning for the State Disaster Plan •Evolution of Ambulance Service in Nebraska •The Nebraska Committee on Transportation and Communication •The University of Nebraska College of Medicine •Extension Service, the University of Nebraska College of Agriculture •The Nebraska State Department of Health •Area Funding •The Department of Health, Education and Welfare •The Six EMS Regions in Nebraska •The Office of Traffic Highway Safety in Nebraska •The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation •Comprehensive Health Planning •Project 20/20 •Operation Sky-Aid •The Use of Helicopters in EMS Services in Nebraska •The Common Emergency Calling Number-911 •Immediate Dial Tone/Coin Free Telephone •Identification of Calling Number and Ring-back Capability •Visit of DOT People to Nebraska to Inspect Communications •The Omaha Fire Department Ambulance Service •A Paramedic Service for Nebraska •The Nebraska Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons •Full-time Emergency Department Staffing (American College of Emergency Physicians) •The Lincoln Medical Education Foundation •Categorization of Hospitals •The American Red Cross Handbook •Veterans Administration TV Network •Some Early Day Activities in Emergency Services in which Nebraskans were Involved •Things That Might Have Been •A Few of Lynn\u27s Comments •Mid-America Research Corporation •Interest in Joint Funding Lincoln/Lancaster Pilot Project •Changes in Pre-hospital Survival in Nebraska •People Involved in Early Day Consolidated Communications •People Involved in Early Day EMS •Appendix A-Original Members of Dr. Thompson\u27s Committee •Appendix B-Professional Staff, EMS Division Department of Health •Appendix C-Report by Del Maier in Washington •Appendix D-Joint Funding Report •Appendix E-ETV Network Development •Bibliographyhttps://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/nehist_books/1000/thumbnail.jp

Limited Alpine Climatic Warming and Modeled Phenology Advancement for Three Alpine Species in the Northeast United States

Premise of the study: Most alpine plants in the Northeast United States are perennial and flower early in the growing season, extending their limitedgrowing season. Concurrently, they risk the loss of reproductive efforts to late frosts. Quantifying long-term trends in northeastern alpine flower phenology and late-spring/early-summer frost risk is limited by a dearth of phenology and climate data, except for Mount Washington, New Hampshire (1916 m a.s.l.). Methods: Logistic phenology models for three northeastern US alpinespecies (Diapensia lapponica, Carex bigelowii and Vaccinium vitis-idaea) were developed from 4 yr (2008–2011) of phenology and air temperature measurements from 12 plots proximate to Mount Washington’s long-term summit meteorological station. Plot-level air temperature, the logistic phenology models, and Mount Washington’s climate data were used to hindcast model yearly (1935–2011) floral phenology and frost damage risk for the focal species. Key results: Day of year and air growing degree-days with threshold temperatures of −4°C (D. lapponica and C. bigelowii) and −2°C (V. vitis-idaea) best predicted flowering. Modeled historic flowering dates trended significantly earlier but the 77-yr change was small (1.2–2.1 d) and did not significantly increase early-flowering risk from late-spring/early-summer frost damage. Conclusions: Modeled trends in phenological advancement and sensitivity for three northeastern alpine species are less pronounced compared with lower elevations in the region, and this small shift in flower timing did not increase risk of frost damage. Potential reasons for limited earlier phenological advancement at higher elevations include a slower warming trend and increased cloud exposure with elevation and/or inadequate chilling requirements

Ultra-enhanced spring branch growth in CO 2 -enriched trees: can it alter the phase of the atmosphere's seasonal CO 2 cycle?

Abstract Since the early 1960s, the declining phase of the atmosphere's seasonal CO 2 cycle has advanced by approximately 7 days in northern temperate latitudes, possibly as a result of increasing temperatures that may be advancing the time of occurrence of what may be called 'climatological spring.' However, just as several different phenomena are thought to have been responsible for the concomitant increase in the amplitude of the atmosphere's seasonal CO 2 oscillation, so too may other factors have played a role in bringing about the increasingly earlier spring drawdown of CO 2 that has resulted in the advancement of the declining phase of the air's CO 2 cycle. One of these factors may be the ongoing rise in the CO 2 content of the air itself; for the aerial fertilization effect of this phenomenon may be significantly enhancing the growth of each new season's initial flush of vegetation, which would tend to stimulate the early drawdown of atmospheric CO 2 and thereby advance the time of occurrence of what could be called 'biological spring.' Working with sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) trees that have been growing out-of-doors in open-top chambers for over 10 years in air of either 400 or 700 ppm CO 2 , this hypothesis was investigated by periodically measuring the lengths, dry weights and leaf chlorophyll concentrations of new branches that emerged from the trees at the start of the 1998 growing season. The data demonstrate that the hypothesis is viable, and that it might possibly account for 2 of the 7 days by which the spring drawdown of the air's CO 2 concentration has advanced over the past few decades