910 research outputs found
Remembering Prices: Numeric Cognition, Language, and Price Recall
Remembering Prices: Numeric Cognition, Language, and Price RecallABSTRACTThis paper examines how consumers process multi-prices (e.g., prices that consist of several components like 16 for delivery) from a linguistic and numeric cognition perspective. We theorize that when consumers read multi-prices, they encode the numbers phonologically. This can lead to overtaxing working memory capacity as consumers calculate the total price of the package and to less accurate price recall for multiprices that have longer number names (e.g., number names with more syllables). We find evidence for this process in three studies, both across different languages and within languages
Investigation of Geant4 Simulation of Electron Backscattering
A test of Geant4 simulation of electron backscattering recently published in
this journal prompted further investigation into the causes of the observed
behaviour. An interplay between features of geometry and physics algorithms
implemented in Geant4 is found to significantly affect the accuracy of
backscattering simulation in some physics configurations
Validation Test of Geant4 Simulation of Electron Backscattering
Backscattering is a sensitive probe of the accuracy of electron scattering
algorithms implemented in Monte Carlo codes. The capability of the Geant4
toolkit to describe realistically the fraction of electrons backscattered from
a target volume is extensively and quantitatively evaluated in comparison with
experimental data retrieved from the literature. The validation test covers the
energy range between approximately 100 eV and 20 MeV, and concerns a wide set
of target elements. Multiple and single electron scattering models implemented
in Geant4, as well as preassembled selections of physics models distributed
within Geant4, are analyzed with statistical methods. The evaluations concern
Geant4 versions from 9.1 to 10.1. Significant evolutions are observed over the
range of Geant4 versions, not always in the direction of better compatibility
with experiment. Goodness-of-fit tests complemented by categorical analysis
tests identify a configuration based on Geant4 Urban multiple scattering model
in Geant4 version 9.1 and a configuration based on single Coulomb scattering in
Geant4 10.0 as the physics options best reproducing experimental data above a
few tens of keV. At lower energies only single scattering demonstrates some
capability to reproduce data down to a few keV. Recommended preassembled
physics configurations appear incapable of describing electron backscattering
compatible with experiment. With the support of statistical methods, a
correlation is established between the validation of Geant4-based simulation of
backscattering and of energy deposition
Quantitative Test of the Evolution of Geant4 Electron Backscattering Simulation
Evolutions of Geant4 code have affected the simulation of electron
backscattering with respect to previously published results. Their effects are
quantified by analyzing the compatibility of the simulated electron
backscattering fraction with a large collection of experimental data for a wide
set of physics configuration options available in Geant4. Special emphasis is
placed on two electron scattering implementations first released in Geant4
version 10.2: the Goudsmit-Saunderson multiple scattering model and a single
Coulomb scattering model based on Mott cross section calculation. The new
Goudsmit-Saunderson multiple scattering model appears to perform equally or
less accurately than the model implemented in previous Geant4 versions,
depending on the electron energy. The new Coulomb scattering model was flawed
from a physics point of view, but computationally fast in Geant4 version 10.2;
the physics correction released in Geant4 version 10.2p01 severely degrades its
computational performance. Evolutions in the Geant4 geometry domain have
addressed physics problems observed in electron backscattering simulation in
previous publications.Comment: To be published in IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sc
Optimum Design of a Pultruded FRP Bridge Deck.
In this paper, an optimum design of GFRP bridge deck having a pultruded cellular cross-section is presented. The optimization process utilizes a modified genetic algorithm with the index technique. Based on the optimum design, viable cross-sectional dimension, volumes of fibers and matrix, fiber orientation, and stacking sequence for GFRP decks suitable for the pultrusion process are proposed
Implicit distancing in Auction: When name letter branding backfires
Consumers subconsciously prefer brand names that resemble their own names - an effect called name letter branding. We extend it and propose that a reversal of name letter branding, wherein consumers will subconsciously avoid self-resembling seller names, is possible when the buyer anticipates self-concept damage from an association with the seller. We find evidence of such behavior, which we call implicit distancing, in three studies. We show name letter branding and implicit distancing in actual transactions and determine underlying causal mechanisms in two experiments. Our findings suggest that self-concept motives determine the prevalence of name letter branding or implicit distancing.This benefited from a PSC-CUNY grant awarded to the second author
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