11 research outputs found

    A Nonlinear Sliding Mode Controller for IPMSM Drives with an Adaptive Gain Tuning Rule

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    This paper presents a nonlinear sliding mode control (SMC) scheme with a variable damping ratio for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). First, a nonlinear sliding surface whose parameters change continuously with time is designed. Actually, the proposed SMC has the ability to reduce the settling time without an overshoot by giving a low damping ratio at the initial time and a high damping ratio as the output reaches the desired setpoint. At the same time, it enables a fast convergence in finite time and eliminates the singularity problem with the upper bound of an uncertain term, which cannot be measured in practice, by using a simple adaptation law. To improve the efficiency of a system in the constant torque region, the control system incorporates the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) algorithm. The stability of the nonlinear sliding surface is guaranteed by Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, a simple sliding mode observer is used to estimate the load torque and system uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear SMC scheme is verified using comparative experimental results of the linear SMC scheme when the speed reference and load torque change under system uncertainties. From these experimental results, the proposed nonlinear SMC method reveals a faster transient response, smaller steady-state speed error, and less sensitivity to system uncertainties than the linear SMC metho

    A Nonlinear Sliding Mode Controller for IPMSM Drives with an Adaptive Gain Tuning Rule

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    This paper presents a nonlinear sliding mode control (SMC) scheme with a variable damping ratio for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). First, a nonlinear sliding surface whose parameters change continuously with time is designed. Actually, the proposed SMC has the ability to reduce the settling time without an overshoot by giving a low damping ratio at the initial time and a high damping ratio as the output reaches the desired setpoint. At the same time, it enables a fast convergence in finite time and eliminates the singularity problem with the upper bound of an uncertain term, which cannot be measured in practice, by using a simple adaptation law. To improve the efficiency of a system in the constant torque region, the control system incorporates the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) algorithm. The stability of the nonlinear sliding surface is guaranteed by Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, a simple sliding mode observer is used to estimate the load torque and system uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear SMC scheme is verified using comparative experimental results of the linear SMC scheme when the speed reference and load torque change under system uncertainties. From these experimental results, the proposed nonlinear SMC method reveals a faster transient response, smaller steady-state speed error, and less sensitivity to system uncertainties than the linear SMC metho

    The effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in combination with deproteinized bovine bone material (DBBM) on the early wound healing of rabbit calvarial defects

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    ์น˜์ฃผ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ƒ์‹ค๋œ ์น˜์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์žฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์น  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด(enamel matrix derivative: EMD)๋Š” ์น˜์ฃผ ๋ณ‘์†Œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์น˜์ฃผ์ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ์•…์•„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฌด์„ธํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฑ์•…์งˆ ๋ฐ ์น˜์ฃผ์ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์น  ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณจ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ alkaline phosphatase์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ mineralized nodule์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์™€ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ผ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— 6mm trephine bur(์™ธ๊ฒฝ 8mm)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์„ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ (, Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland)์„ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์„ ์–‘์„ฑ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด (, Biora, Inc., Sweden)๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์™€ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์„ ์„คํ—˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰ (, Lifecore Biomedical, Inc., U.S.A.)์„ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผ์ฐจ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋‹น ์ˆ  ํ›„ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ์˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ 10% formalin์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ†ต๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์งํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (P0.05), ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค (P>0.05). 2. ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 2์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 1, 2์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ์น˜์œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณจ ์ด์‹์‹œ์— ๋ฒ•๋ž‘๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health 21 R&D Project , Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of the Kore

    The effects of platelet-rich plasma(PRP) in combination with anorganic bovine bone(Bio-Oss๏ผŸ) on the early wound healing of rabbit cranial defects

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    ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋ถ€ ์žฌ๊ฑด์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์˜ ์น˜์œ ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ , ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 15๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— 6mm trephine bur(์™ธ๊ฒฝ 8mm)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, PRP์™€ ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‹ํ•œ๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰()์„ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผ์ฐจ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋‹น ์ˆ  ํ›„ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ์˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณจ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ต๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๊ท€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ์ •๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ 10 ml์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 4.02๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์— PRP๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(p0.05), ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์— PRP๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p>0.05). 3. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์‹์žฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์„ฌ์œ ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์™€ ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ† ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์— ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health 21 R& D Projectm ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Kore

    ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ด์ข…๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ(Bio-Ossยฎ)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์น˜์œ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ฉด๋ถ€ ์žฌ๊ฑด์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ณจ ์ด์‹์žฌ์˜ ์น˜์œ ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ , ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 15๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— 6mm trephine bur(์™ธ๊ฒฝ 8mm)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋‡Œ๋ง‰์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋Š” Bio-Ossยฎ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, PRP์™€ Bio-Ossยฎ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‹ํ•œ๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰(Tefgenยฎ)์„ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผ์ฐจ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋‹น ์ˆ  ํ›„ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ์˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณจ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ต๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๊ท€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ์ •๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ 10 ml์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ํ•จ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ๋†์ถ• ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 4.02๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ 1, 2, 4์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ Bio-Ossยฎ์— PRP๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(p0.05), Bio-Ossยฎ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ Bio-Ossยฎ์— PRP๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p>0.05). 3. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์‹์žฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋” ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์„ฌ์œ ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ PRP๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด Bio-Ossยฎ์™€ Bio-Ossยฎ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Bio-Ossยฎ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด Bio-Ossยฎ๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ† ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์— Bio-Ossยฎ์— PRP๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ด์‹ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea(03-PJ1-PG1-CH08-0001)

    Advances and Innovations of 3D Bioprinting Skin

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    Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. In this review, we focus on the advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting skin for skin regeneration, within the last five years. After a brief introduction to skin anatomy, 3D bioprinting methods and the remarkable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. We will discuss several ways to improve the clinical potential of 3D bioprinted skin, with state-of-the-art printing technology and novel biomaterials. After the breakthrough in the bottleneck of the current studies, highly developed skin can be fabricated, comprising stratified epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages. We hope that this review will be priming water for future research and clinical applications, that will guide us to break new ground for the next generation of skin regeneration

    Potential Instability and Malfunction of Knee Joints with Vastus Medialis Impairment after Total Knee Arthroplasty

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    Four pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver knees (eight knees, four male knees) with a mean age of 72 ยฑ 7 years were used for tests involving a customized simulator capable of controlling quadriceps loading conditions. The muscle force distribution of the quadriceps for the normal loading condition was applied on the basis of muscle cross-sectional area data, as previously reported (VM: 31 N; RF/VI: 49 N; VL: 45 N). To simulate vastus medialis (VM) impairment, we set the muscle force for VM in the muscle force distribution of the quadriceps at zero (VM: 0 N; RF/VI: 49 N; VL: 45 N). The joint reaction forces and moments on knee joints that underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) did not differ significantly according to VM impairment status for all flexion angles (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the vectors of internalโ€“external moments mostly showed a tendency for alteration from external to internal due to VM impairment. This tendency was evident in 9 cases in 12 total test pairs (with and without VM impairment). Furthermore, the vectors of the anteriorโ€“posterior reaction forces mostly showed a tendency to increase anteriorly due to VM impairment. This tendency was also evident in 9 cases in 12 total test pairs (with and without VM impairment). These results indicate that posterior dislocation of the tibia may be induced if VM impairment occurs after TKA. In conclusion, VM impairment in knee joints undergoing TKA may contribute to posterior dislocation of the tibia by a paradoxical roll-back with enhancements of the anterior joint reaction force and external moment during knee-joint flexion. Our findings may be valuable for understanding the mechanism of potential instability and malfunction due to VM impairment in knee joints after TKA, and may help to optimize clinical/rehabilitation training plans to improve the prognosis (stability and function) of knee joints undergoing TKA
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