송원대 도사들이 본 삼교의 초월적 회통

Traduction en coréen de l'article d'Isabelle Robinet, "L'unité transcendante des trois enseignements selon les taoïstes des Sung et des Yüan", publié dans Religion und Philosophie in Ostasien : Festschrift für Hans Steininger zum 65. Geburtstag, édité par Naundorf, Pohl & Schmidt, Wurzburg : Königshausen und Neumann, 1985

COMPARISON OF UPPER LIMB MUSCULAR AND VASCULAR RESPONSES FOLLOWING TRADITIONAL HIGH-LOAD AND LOW-LOAD RESISTANCE TRAINING WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION IN COLLEGE-AGED MALES

Low-load combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training has been reported to increase muscle size and muscle strength similar to traditional high-load resistance training. However, the mechanism of muscle hypertrophy induced by low-load resistance training with BFR is not clear. Additionally, the cardiovascular responses to low-load resistance training have not been elucidated. PURPOSE: To investigate the muscular (muscle thickness, arm circumference muscle activity and muscle strength) and cardiovascular (arterial stiffness and forearm blood flow) responses of eight weeks of low-load unilateral elbow flexor resistance training with BFR compared to traditional high-load resistance training, and to compare the acute skeletal muscle responses (muscle thickness, muscle activity, isometric strength, hematocrit and blood lactate) between traditional high-load and low-load with BFR unilateral elbow flexor resistance exercise in college-aged males. METHODS: Fourteen healthy college-aged males were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 9) or control group (n = 5, CON) and each arm of the participants in the experimental group were randomly assigned to either the traditional high-load protocol (HI, 75% 1-RM and 3 sets of 10 reps) or low-load with BFR protocol (LI-BFR, 30% 1-RM and 30 reps following 3 sets of 15reps with 50% arterial occlusion pressure). The participants in the experimental group completed eight weeks of unilateral elbow flexor training (3 times per week). Both arms of participants in the CON group were assigned to the control protocol and the participants in the CON group maintained their daily physical activity and did not participate in any exercise sessions during the training period. All of the participants completed muscular and cardiovascular measurements two times before the training began (PRE 1 and PRE2) and once after the training ended (POST). Additionally, the participants in the experimental group completed the acute response testing during the first and second sessions of the fourth week of the training period and measurements were determined before and after an acute bout of HI or LI-BFR protocol in each session. The values at PRE1 and PRE 2 were averaged for further analysis. When there were no group differences at the baseline, ANOVA with post-hoc testing was utilized, and when significant group differences were detected at the baseline, ANCOVA with post-hoc testing was used to examine main effects (time and group) and interaction (time × group) effects. Alpha was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Muscle thickness and arm circumference at all sites in both HI and LI-BFR groups were significantly increased over time, but not in the CON group. 1-RM and isometric strength in both HI and LI-BFR groups were significantly increased over time, but not in the CON group, and the 1-RM in the HI group was significantly greater than the CON at the POST test. There were group differences at baseline for arterial stiffness (PWV) and forearm blood flow (FBF). PWV and FBF were unchanged over time when analyzed by ANCOVA. In the acute response testing, muscle thickness, arm circumference, muscle strength, muscle activity, blood lactate, and hematocrit values in both HI and LI-BFR groups showed similar responses. CONCLUSION: Both traditional high-load and low-load with BFR unilateral elbow flexor resistance training resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains without any changes in cardiovascular function. In addition, acute cell swelling induced by a single bout of the LI-BFR protocol may represent the best explanation of a mechanism for BFR related muscle hypertrophy

Exact formulas for traces of singular moduli of higher level modular functions

Zagier proved that the traces of singular values of the classical j-invariant are the Fourier coefficients of a weight 3/2 modular form and Duke provided a new proof of the result by establishing an exact formula for the traces using Niebur's work on a certain class of non-holomorphic modular forms. In this short note, by utilizing Niebur's work again, we generalize Duke's result to exact formulas for traces of singular moduli of higher level modular functions.Comment: 8 page

Le symbolisme de la force vitale en Chine ancienneLes modèles et les significations dans l’alchimie taoïste opératoire du début : études centrées sur les pratiques alchimiques du Baopuzi neipian

Our study concerns the Baopuzi neipian, one of the main sources on the history of early Chinese alchemy, dating from the early fourth century. Our objective is to understand the first chinese alchemists, their ideas and their practices through the models or symbolic elements related to the mysteries that taoists alchemists discerned in the invisible world. The symbols of the sun attached to the representation of vital force and the symbol of the water attached to the representation of transformation are the main subjects. After having presented at first the taoist cosmological ideas underlying the alchemical practice and the search for immortality which constitute an ethos of Chinese people and have a definite connection with the alchemy, we examine the main features of alchemy in the light of Chinese mythology. In mythological and religious themes belonging to the ancestral level of Chinese culture, we find out some fundamental ideas related to the « living earth » and to the « divine sun », among others. The following study is concerned with the rites in which the alchemist prepare not only the transformation of the substances but also his own transformation. We analyse finally the main substances used in the recipes and the recipes themselves. The aim is to show how each of them contributes to the preparation of the elixir, not only from the technical or the chemical points of view but especially from a symbolic point of view. In our opinion, mercury and lead play the part of mediators in the transformation of substances into an elixir and the heating method has an analogy with the cycle of the sun during the year. In the second part of our work, we analyse about 60 alchemical recipes found in the Baopuzi and in closely related sources. It ends with a glossary of technical terms found in the 60 recipes.Notre étude concerne le Baopuzi neipian, l’une des sources principales de l’histoire de l’alchimie chinoise, qui date du quatrième siècle. Notre but consiste à comprendre les premiers alchimistes en Chine, leurs idées et leurs pratiques présentées dans cet ouvrage, à travers les modèles ou éléments symboliques reliés aux mystères que les alchimistes taoïstes perçoivent dans le monde invisible. Le symbole du soleil attaché à la représentation de la force vitale et celui de l’eau attaché à la représentation de la transformation constituent les sujets principaux. Après avoir présenté d’abord les idées taoïstes cosmologiques qui sous-tendent la pratique alchimique, et la quête de l’immortalité qui constitue l’ethos des Chinois et qui a un étroit rapport avec l’alchimie, nous examinons les traits essentiels de l’alchimie à la lumière de la mythologie chinoise. Dans des thèmes mythologiques et religieux relevant du niveau ancestral de la culture chinoise, nous retrouvons certaines idées fondamentales ayant trait à la « terre vivante » et au « soleil divin », entre autres. L’étude suivante porte sur les rites dans lesquels l’alchimiste prépare non seulement la transformation des matières mais aussi sa propre transformation. Nous analysons enfin les matières principales employées dans les recettes et les recettes elles-mêmes. Le but consiste à montrer comment chacune des matières et des procédures contribue à la préparation des élixirs, non seulement des points de vue technique et chimique mais surtout du point de vue symbolique. Selon nous, le mercure et le plomb jouent le rôle d’intermédiaires dans la transformation des matières en élixir et la caléfaction de l’élixir présente une analogie avec le cycle du soleil durant l’année. Dans une seconde partie, nous analysons d’environ 60 recettes alchimiques présentées dans le Baopuzi et dans des sources connexes. Elle se termine par un glossaire des termes techniques trouvés dans les recettes

Temporal Discounting and Inter-Temporal Choice in Rhesus Monkeys

Humans and animals are more likely to take an action leading to an immediate reward than actions with delayed rewards of similar magnitudes. Although such devaluation of delayed rewards has been almost universally described by hyperbolic discount functions, the rate of this temporal discounting varies substantially among different animal species. This might be in part due to the differences in how the information about reward is presented to decision makers. In previous animal studies, reward delays or magnitudes were gradually adjusted across trials, so the animals learned the properties of future rewards from the rewards they waited for and consumed previously. In contrast, verbal cues have been used commonly in human studies. In the present study, rhesus monkeys were trained in a novel inter-temporal choice task in which the magnitude and delay of reward were indicated symbolically using visual cues and varied randomly across trials. We found that monkeys could extract the information about reward delays from visual symbols regardless of the number of symbols used to indicate the delay. The rate of temporal discounting observed in the present study was comparable to the previous estimates in other mammals, and the animal's choice behavior was largely consistent with hyperbolic discounting. Our results also suggest that the rate of temporal discounting might be influenced by contextual factors, such as the novelty of the task. The flexibility furnished by this new inter-temporal choice task might be useful for future neurobiological investigations on inter-temporal choice in non-human primates