A realistic quantum capacitance model for quantum Hall edge state based Fabry-P\'{e}rot interferometers

In this work, the classical and the quantum capacitances are calculated for a Fabry-P\'{e}rot interferometer operating in the integer quantized Hall regime. We first consider a rotationally symmetric electrostatic confinement potential and obtain the widths and the spatial distribution of the insulating (incompressible) circular strips using a charge density profile stemming from self-consistent calculations. Modelling the electrical circuit of capacitors composed of metallic gates and incompressible/compressible strips, we investigate the conditions to observe Aharonov-Bohm (quantum mechanical phase dependent) and Coulomb Blockade (capacitive coupling dependent) effects reflected in conductance oscillations. In a last step, we solve the Schr\"odinger and the Poisson equations self-consistently in a numerical manner taking into account realistic experimental geometries. We find that, describing the conductance oscillations either by Aharanov-Bohm or Coulomb Blockade strongly depends on sample properties also other than size, therefore, determining the origin of these oscillations requires further experimental and theoretical investigation

Agents vs. Bodies: Contextualizing Refugee Women\u27s Empowerment in British and French and Structures

The current refugee system and aid structures often reproduce gender hierarchies by representing women refugees as vulnerable and helpless victims. This imagining serves a political purpose. Representing women as silenced visual bodies is an act of power, in which a white Western masculine subjectivity could reinforce its political limits and communicate its identity (Rajaram, 2002). This dissertation project aims to answer the following questions: How do the aid actors in Western Europe construct women refugees and attach meanings to “women’s empowerment” as an end goal? How are these constructions related to global hierarchies (between the West and the rest) or collective identities of superior and inferior? The UK and French are chosen as the areas of focus in this project. I conducted semi-structured interviews with aid workers and engaged in participant observation to analyze the distinct discourses and strategies for addressing refugee women’s empowerment. The project analyzes that aid organizations in the UK address refugee women’s empowerment in the following general themes; (1) creating and regulating space, (2) service, aid delivery, and protection, (3) collaboration and inclusion, and lastly, (4) public visibility and authorship, whereas French aid organizations focus on the following general themes; (1) legal protection and identification of vulnerabilities, (2) service delivery and professionalism, (3) advocacy and awareness-raising and lastly, (4) integration to France and sensibilization to French values. The research concludes that British aid structures are more participatory as refugee women are given opportunities for enhancing their authentic representation and authorship. Empowerment is defined as providing necessary tools for women to be autonomous in the long term and break away from dependencies on aid structures. As for French organizations, empowerment predominantly means assisting refugee women to acquire legal status and access constitutional rights. Women refugees in French aid structures are more likely to be dependent on aid professionals, which might harm their autonomy and agency in the long run

Examining the Causal Effect of First Names on Language Models: The Case of Social Commonsense Reasoning

As language models continue to be integrated into applications of personal and societal relevance, ensuring these models' trustworthiness is crucial, particularly with respect to producing consistent outputs regardless of sensitive attributes. Given that first names may serve as proxies for (intersectional) socio-demographic representations, it is imperative to examine the impact of first names on commonsense reasoning capabilities. In this paper, we study whether a model's reasoning given a specific input differs based on the first names provided. Our underlying assumption is that the reasoning about Alice should not differ from the reasoning about James. We propose and implement a controlled experimental framework to measure the causal effect of first names on commonsense reasoning, enabling us to distinguish between model predictions due to chance and caused by actual factors of interest. Our results indicate that the frequency of first names has a direct effect on model prediction, with less frequent names yielding divergent predictions compared to more frequent names. To gain insights into the internal mechanisms of models that are contributing to these behaviors, we also conduct an in-depth explainable analysis. Overall, our findings suggest that to ensure model robustness, it is essential to augment datasets with more diverse first names during the configuration stage

Risking Autonomy: Comparing Teachers and Senior Leaders in England and Turkey

Increasing workloads are allowing less time for teachers to recuperate and recover in periods of rapid change (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2011) leading to teacher, teacher compliance and loss of motivation, pride and creativity (Lundström, 2015). Engagement in decision-making can be both a solution, where this facilitates a sense of teacher autonomy, or a problem, where engagement in decision-making becomes an additional burden against a heavy workload (Van Droogenbroeck, Spruyt, & Vanroelen, 2014). As Pietarinen et al. (2013) argue, workload distress is exacerbated where teachers feel a lack of control, meaninglessness and a sense of unfairness

Argument-predicate distance as a filter for enhancing precision in extracting predications on the genetic etiology of disease

BACKGROUND: Genomic functional information is valuable for biomedical research. However, such information frequently needs to be extracted from the scientific literature and structured in order to be exploited by automatic systems. Natural language processing is increasingly used for this purpose although it inherently involves errors. A postprocessing strategy that selects relations most likely to be correct is proposed and evaluated on the output of SemGen, a system that extracts semantic predications on the etiology of genetic diseases. Based on the number of intervening phrases between an argument and its predicate, we defined a heuristic strategy to filter the extracted semantic relations according to their likelihood of being correct. We also applied this strategy to relations identified with co-occurrence processing. Finally, we exploited postprocessed SemGen predications to investigate the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease. RESULTS: The filtering procedure for increased precision is based on the intuition that arguments which occur close to their predicate are easier to identify than those at a distance. For example, if gene-gene relations are filtered for arguments at a distance of 1 phrase from the predicate, precision increases from 41.95% (baseline) to 70.75%. Since this proximity filtering is based on syntactic structure, applying it to the results of co-occurrence processing is useful, but not as effective as when applied to the output of natural language processing. In an effort to exploit SemGen predications on the etiology of disease after increasing precision with postprocessing, a gene list was derived from extracted information enhanced with postprocessing filtering and was automatically annotated with GFINDer, a Web application that dynamically retrieves functional and phenotypic information from structured biomolecular resources. Two of the genes in this list are likely relevant to Parkinson's disease but are not associated with this disease in several important databases on genetic disorders. CONCLUSION: Information based on the proximity postprocessing method we suggest is of sufficient quality to be profitably used for subsequent applications aimed at uncovering new biomedical knowledge. Although proximity filtering is only marginally effective for enhancing the precision of relations extracted with co-occurrence processing, it is likely to benefit methods based, even partially, on syntactic structure, regardless of the relation

The Annealing Effects of ZnO Thin Films on Characteristic Parameters of Au/ZnO Schottky Contacts on n-Si

200 nm ZnO thin films have been grown on n type Silicon substrates by DC sputtering technique. One of the thin films has been annealed at 300 ºC for 45 minutes. The Au front contacts on ZnO thin films have been formed by evaporation of Au metal by means of shadow mask. It has been seen that the rectification ratio of Au/ZnO device obtained using annealed ZnO thin film is higher than the one obtained using unannealed ZnO thin film. The characteristic parameters of Au/ZnO junctions such as ideality factor, barrier height and series resistance obtained by current-voltage (I-V) measurements of the structures at room temperature and in dark have been compared with each others. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2490