On sun pictures, by the Calotype process.

The publications on the principles and practice of Photography are already numerous, and many of them are written with perspicuity and method, so as to form excellent Vade-mecums for the student, whether he may have prosecuted the art for professional gain, or yielded to its delightful and seducing influence as an amateur. My present purpose is not, therefore, to give a history of Photography, or such an elaborate description of its principles as would involve a consideration of the theory of light and of the laws of optics and of practical chemistry, but only to make public, through the means of the Society, the process which I have myself employed in the production of a few calotype views of Hobart Town, &c., submitted for inspection at a late meeting of the Society

Randomised controlled trial of fish oil supplement to treat cancer cachexia

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: Our overall aim is to provide an overview of interventions for preventing falls in older people by summarising the evidence from multiple Cochrane intervention reviews that evaluate the effects (primarily, rate of falls and number of fallers) of these interventions in different populations of older people, such as those defined by setting or by specific medical conditions. Fall prevention interventions will include those in the following categories: supervised or unsupervised exercises; medication; surgery; management of urinary incontinence; fluid or nutrition therapy; psychological; environment and assistive technologies; social environment; knowledge/education interventions and any other interventions that do not fall into one of these categories (Lamb 2007). Interventions tested may belong to one category ('single' intervention), or more than one category ('multiple' and 'multifactorial' interventions)

Literature searches and reviews related to the prevalence of food allergy in Europe

In 2011, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) received a mandate from the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) to review the available scientific data on the prevalence of each food allergy in Europe, to derive threshold concentrations for each allergen in foods when possible, and to review the analytical methods available for the detection/quantification of food allergens. This report presents the findings of a series of systematic reviews of the literature related to these aims. Systematic searches of relevant bibliographic databases and the grey literature were conducted, studies were selected for inclusion according to pre-specified criteria, relevant data was extracted from all included studies, and the quality of included studies assessed. The first systematic review examined the literature on the prevalence of food allergy (IgE-mediated and non-IgE mediated) in different regions of the World and in individual European countries for different age groups in relation to each of the following food allergens: milk/dairy, eggs, cereals, peanuts, nuts, celery, crustaceans, fish, molluscs, soy, lupin, mustard and sesame. For each of these allergens changes in prevalence trends over time were also examined. Additionally, emerging food allergens in different European countries were identified. Of the 7333 articles identified by the searches, data from 92 studies was included, 52 of which reported on studies conducted within Europe. The second systematic review examined the effects of food processing on the allergenicity of foods in relation to each of the following food allergens: milk/dairy, eggs, cereals, peanuts, nuts, celery, crustaceans, fish, molluscs, soy, lupin, mustard and sesame. From 1040 articles identified by the searches, 25 studies were included in this review. The final systematic review examined the evidence regarding the new analytical methods available to analyse/detect the food allergens considered in the previous systematic reviews in processed foods. From 1475 articles identified by the searches, 84 studies were included

What is the impact of contraceptive methods and mixes of contraceptive methods on contraceptive prevalence, unmet need for family planning, and unwanted and unintended pregnancies?

Background - In many low-and middle-income countries, there is high maternal, infant and child mortality due in part to low contraceptive use and high unmet need for family planning. The aim of this overview of systematic reviews is to synthesise the findings of systematic reviews conducted in this area to assess the impact of various contraceptive methods and mixes of contraceptive methods on contraceptive prevalence, unwanted and unintended pregnancies, and unmet need (a desire to limit the number of children but not currently using any contraception) for family planning in developing countries/regions.Methods - Eight databases (Bioline international, The Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature - LILACS, Popline, PubMed, Turning Research Into Practice, World Health Organisation Reproductive Health Library and Zetoc) were searched from 28 October 2010 to 08 December 2010. Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews were included. Eligible reviews included studies whose participants were sexually active women or men from countries classified as ‘developing’, ‘low-income’ or ‘middle-income’. Systematic reviews of any intervention (or combination of interventions) designed to increase contraceptive prevalence, reduce fertility or both were eligible. Data were extracted and synthesised narratively. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews, AMSTAR, was used to evaluate the quality of the included systematic reviews, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to evaluate the quality of the body of evidence for each comparison. To aid the interpretation of the findings for a variety of settings, relevant contextual information was presented where possible.Results - There were 22 systematic reviews included in this overview of reviews. The overview examined a range of contraceptive methods, including modern (terminal and spacing) and traditional methods (such as withdrawal and periodic abstinence which do not require contraceptive substances or devices and also do not require clinical procedures). However, the systematic reviews included did not address all the objectives of the overview.The results of the review are summarised below according to the objectives.Objective 1: To assess the impact of various contraceptive methods and mixes ofcontraceptive methods on contraceptive prevalence in developing countries/regions. There was no systematic review that met this objective.Objective 2: To assess the impact of various contraceptive methods and mixes ofcontraceptive methods on unwanted and unintended pregnancies in developingcountries/regions.The body of evidence for the relative efficacy or effectiveness of a variety ofcontraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy in developing countries was generally rated as of low or moderate quality. There was, however, a number of comparisons (between different derivatives of the same contraceptive methods) for which the evidence was rated as of high or moderate quality. Evidence from systematic reviews is lacking on the acceptability of contraceptive methods and their impact on prevalence and on unmet needs for family planning. The evidence for the relative effectiveness of a variety of contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy in developing countries is generally of low quality. There is some high-quality evidence comparing different derivatives of the same contraceptive methods, although this is more often evidence of efficacy than evidence of effectiveness.Objective 3: To assess the impact of various contraceptive methods and mixes ofcontraceptive methods on unmet need for family planning in developing countries/regions.There was no systematic review that met this objective

Impact of high CO2 on the geochemistry of the coralline algae Lithothamnion glaciale

Coralline algae are a significant component of the benthic ecosystem. Their ability to withstand physical stresses in high energy environments relies on their skeletal structure which is composed of high Mg-calcite. High Mg-calcite is, however, the most soluble form of calcium carbonate and therefore potentially vulnerable to the change in carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean. We examine the geochemistry of the cold water coralline alga Lithothamnion glaciale grown under predicted future (year 2050) high pCO2 (589 μatm) using Electron microprobe and NanoSIMS analysis. In the natural and control material, higher Mg calcite forms clear concentric bands around the algal cells. As expected, summer growth has a higher Mg content compared to the winter growth. In contrast, under elevated CO2 no banding of Mg is recognisable and overall Mg concentrations are lower. This reduction in Mg in the carbonate undermines the accuracy of the Mg/Ca ratio as proxy for past temperatures in time intervals with significantly different carbonate chemistry. Fundamentally, the loss of Mg in the calcite may reduce elasticity thereby changing the structural properties, which may affect the ability of L. glaciale to efficiently function as a habitat former in the future ocean

Investigations of three, four, and five-particle exit channels of levels in light nuclei created using a 9C beam

The interactions of a E/A=70-MeV 9C beam with a Be target was used to populate levels in Be, B, and C isotopes which undergo decay into many-particle exit channels. The decay products were detected in the HiRA array and the level energies were identified from their invariant mass. Correlations between the decay products were examined to deduce the nature of the decays, specifically to what extent all the fragments were created in one prompt step or whether the disintegration proceeded in a sequential fashion through long-lived intermediate states. In the latter case, information on the spin of the level was also obtained. Of particular interest is the 5-body decay of the 8C ground state which was found to disintegrate in two steps of two-proton decay passing through the 6Beg.s. intermediate state. The isobaric analog of 8Cg.s. in 8B was also found to undergo two-proton decay to the isobaric analog of 6Beg.s. in 6Li. A 9.69-MeV state in 10C was found to undergo prompt 4-body decay to the 2p+2alpha exit channel. The two protons were found to have a strong enhancementin the diproton region and the relative energies of all four p-alpha pairs were consistent with the 5Lig.s. resonance

Correlations in intermediate-energy two-proton removal reactions

We report final-state-exclusive measurements of the light charged fragments in coincidence with 26Ne residual nuclei following the direct two-proton removal from a neutron-rich 28Mg secondary beam. A Dalitz-plot analysis and comparisons with simulations show that a majority of the triple- coincidence events with two protons display phase-space correlations consistent with the (two-body) kinematics of a spatially-correlated pair-removal mechanism. The fraction of such correlated events, 56(12) %, is consistent with the fraction of the calculated cross section, 64 %, arising from spin S = 0 two-proton configurations in the entrance-channel (shell-model) 28Mg ground state wave function. This result promises access to an additional and more specific probe of the spin and spatial correlations of valence nucleon pairs in exotic nuclei produced as fast secondary beams.Comment: accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter