Caracterização morfo-anatômica e morfométrica das fibras de Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. - (Arecaceae).

Ministério da Educação, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de pesquisa de Ensino Superior.Por se tratar de uma espécie altamente fibrosa, a palmeira Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl., conhecida popularmente como paxiúba, é utilizada por várias comunidades ribeirinhas amazônicas, na fabricação de utensílios e construções de casas, porém esta ainda é pouco conhecida anatomicamente. principalmente pela difícil manipulação no uso das técnicas em anatomia vegetal. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir as características morfológicas, conhecer a organização estrutural foliar e suas propriedades histoquimicas se presentes e realizar a morfometria das fibras nos diferentes órgãos vegetativos da espécie, visando fornecer subsídios para o seu melhor aproveitamento. O material botânico foi coletado na ilha do Cumbu. município de Belém, Pará, herborizado, mensurado e submetido às técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. Os tecidos apresentaram organização estrutural distinta nas diferentes regiões da folha, sendo a bainha revestida por células epidérmicas dorsais papilosas e ventral quadrangular, com inúmeros ninhos de fibras e células pétreas na periferia, entre as células parenquimáticas há canais mucilaginosos septados, contendo cristais de ráfídes. O pecíolo e a ráquis apresentaram os elementos vasculares de pequeno e médio porte distribuídos próximo a periferia, enquanto os de grande porte estão dispersos na região medular, estes são protegidos por calotas fíbrosas de várias espessuras, as células parenquimáticas de preenchimento apresentam-se repletas de idioblastos amilíferos. A superfície da pina é anfíestomática, com estômatos tetracíticos, apresentando stegmatas na face abaxial, tricomas heteromorfos, de base esclerenquificada, parede espessa e lignifícada. O mesofílo apresenta-se dorsiventral com feixes primários, secundários e terciários. A margem diferencia-se nas três regiões da pina. As nervuras principais são formadas por elementos vasculares distribuídos na região central e periférica do cilindro fíbroso. Os elementos vasculares apresentam-se de vários tipos na folha, acompanhados de bainha externa parenquimática e uma interna fibrosa. As fibras apresentam diversas extremidades que proporcionam maior resistência ao feixe vascular, constatando-se diferenças significativas ao nivel de 5% para o teste Tukey nas regiões periférica e medular entre e dentre os indivíduos das regiões periférica e medular.Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.)H. Wendl. (Palmae) is an extremely fibrous plant utilized in riverine communities in Amazonian Brazil, where it is known as " paxiúba," for making tools and in building construction. Little is know about the anatomy of S. exorrhiza, primarily due to the diffículty of carrying out the techniques of anatômica! study on this species. The objective of this investigation was to characterize the structural organization and histochemical properties of the leaves of this species and the fíber morphometry of its vegetation organs. The plant material was collected on Cumbu Island, Belém Município, Pará State, Brazil. dried, measured, and subjected to standard techniques for the study of plant anatomy. Different parts of the leaf vary in their structural organization. The epidermal cells of the leaf sheath are papillose dorsally and quadranglular ventrally. Within the parenchyma are septate mucilaginous ducts containing raphides. In the leaf petiole and rachis, small and medium-sized vascular bundles are distributed peripherally. The large mediai vascular bundles are protected by fibrous caps of varied thickness. The parenchyma contains many idioblastic starch cells. The pinna surface is amphistomatic, the stomata tetracytic, and is covered with heteromorphic trichomes having sclerenchymatous bases and thick, lignifíed walls. Stegmata are present abaxially. The dorsiventral mesophyll contains primary, secondary, and tertiary vascular bundles. The margin differs in the three regions of the pinna. In the midrib, vascular bundles are distributed centrally and peripherally in the fibrous cylinder. T here a re s everal types of vascular bundles in the leaf, each accompanied by an outer parenchyma sheath and an inner fibrous sheath. The fibres lias diverse terminations, giving high resistance to the vasculary bundles, verifying significant differences to the levei of 5% to the Tukey test, between and inside specimen

Gender difference in the relationships between vision and hearing impairments and negative well-being.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of hearing impairment, vision impairment and their combination (dual sensory impairment) with negative well-being such as depression, subjective poor health and the reduced functional ability in community-dwelling older adults, and to determine whether any association varies by gender. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2006, we objectively examined vision and hearing impairment (using best-corrected visual acuity and pure-tone audiometric test) in 843 people aged 65 years and older (351 males, 492 females) in a rural Japanese town. Through a home visit interview survey using a structured questionnaire, we also collected information on depression (the five-item Geriatric Depression Scale), subjective poor health, and reduced functional activity (the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology's Index of Competence). RESULTS: We observed gender differences in the association between sensory impairment and depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that hearing impairment in males (adjusted odds ratio: 2.22, 95% confidence interval; 1.07-4.61) and vision impairment in females (1.91, 1.14-3.21) were related to depression. Vision impairment and dual sensory impairment were also associated with subjective poor health and reduced functional activity in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Sensory impairment is significantly associated with negative well-being in older persons, and its association with depression may differ between males and females

Verification of Rorschach Indicators of Sexual Abuse

We attempted to find Rorschach indicators of sexual abuse. In the present study, we investigated the propriety of 4 indicators that we reported in 2001 and more precise indicators of sexual abuse through statistical analysis of Rorschach records of 108 female psychiatric patients with a history of sexual abuse and 48 female psychiatric patients without it. We defined the sex locations on the Rorschach cards and took notice of the particular responses for them. Eighty-two of the 108 (76%) sexually abused patients and 1 of the 48 (2%) non-abused patients gave the sex response, inanimate movement response (m) or m tendency for the sex locations. Aggression and hostile responses were scored by Müstein’s Rorschach hostility scale; the scores for the abused was 19.99 ± 15.96 and for the non-abused, 12.37 ± 8.57. Number of form-color (FC) response equal to or lower than the total of color-form (CF) response and pure color (C) response (FC ≤ CF + C) was shown in 95 of the 108 (88%) abused and 30 of the 48 (63%) non-abused. Among these 3 items, the differences between the 2 groups were remarkably significant (P < 0.001). It becomes obvious that the 3 indicators as shown below are valid for finding sexual abuse histories for differential diagnosis: i) a host of aggression and hostile content; ii) loss of control in color responses, for example FC ≤ CF + C; and iii) the sex responses, m or m tendency for sex locations

Serum levels of retinol and other antioxidants for hearing impairment among Japanese older adults.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the relation between serum levels of retinol and other antioxidants and hearing impairment in Japanese older adults. METHODS: This is a community-based cross-sectional study comprising 762 residents aged 65 years or older in Kurabuchi, Gumma, Japan. We measured serum retinol and other antioxidants (alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and carotenoids including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha- and beta-carotenes, lycopene, and lutein plus zeaxanthin) by high-performance liquid chromatography and divided each measurement into quartiles. Hearing impairment was defined as a failure to hear a 30-dB hearing level (HL) signal at 1 kHz and a 40-dB HL signal at 4 kHz in the better ear in pure-tone audiometric tests. The odds ratios (OR) for hearing impairment were calculated for each of the upper three quartiles of retinol and other antioxidant levels relative to the lowest quartile. RESULTS: Crude analysis showed that serum levels of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids (beta-cryptoxanthin, and alpha- and beta-carotenes) were inversely related to the prevalence of hearing impairment. The multiadjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) for the highest quartile of retinol and the provitamin A family (combinations of provitamin A carotenoids) compared with the lowest were 0.51 (0.26-1.00) and 0.53 (0.27-1.02), respectively. A dose-response relationship was observed for retinol (p = .03) and provitamin A (p = .09). CONCLUSION: Increased serum levels of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids were clearly associated with a decreased prevalence of hearing impairment

ASPECTOS ANATÔMICOS DOS FEIXES VASCULARES FOLIARES DE Socratea exorrhiza (MART.) H. WENDL. (ARECACEAE - ARECOIDEAE - IRIARTEEAE)

Due to the existence of gaps on vascular system knowledge for Arecaceae family species. This study had by purpose to approach vascular bundles types along S. exorrhiza leaf. Samples of different leaf sections were collected on Combu Island, Pará State, Brazil. Histological blades were obtained according to standard techniques for plant anatomy. The analysis realized on vascular bundles of several sections revealed that the bundles are different caliber and by the number of metaxylema, protoxylema, phloema vases. The arrangement of fibrous cells, as well as parenchyma cells around vascular elements showed a fundamental importance to vascular bundles types characterization. In sheath, the bundles have ovoid and elliptic forms, while they are circular on the petiole. Rachis and pinnae form the regions where there was more vascular bundles showed an organization standard, on each leaf region, principally as to fibrous and parenchyma cells arrangement, these features provide support to species identification.Keywords: Palm; vascular system; fibers; parenchyma.Devido à existência de lacunas ao conhecimento do sistema vascular de espécies da família Arecaceae, este estudo teve como objetivo abordar os tipos de feixes vasculares ao longo da folha de Socratea exorrhiza. Amostras de diferentes secções da folha foram coletadas na Ilha do Combu, Pará, Brasil. O laminário histológico foi obtido conforme as técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. A análise realizada nos feixes vasculares em diferentes secções revelou que: os feixes são distintos quanto ao calibre e número de vasos de metaxilema, protoxilema e floema. O arranjo das células fibrosas, bem como das células parenquimáticas ao redor dos elementos vasculares, se mostrou de fundamental importância para a caracterização dos tipos de feixes vasculares. Na bainha, os feixes possuem as formas ovoide e elíptica, enquanto no pecíolo são circulares. A raque e as pinas foram às regiões com maior incidência de feixes vasculares, apresentando calibres variados. Assim, os feixes vasculares possuem um padrão de organização em cada região da folha, principalmente quanto ao arranjo das células fibrosas e parenquimáticas, estas características oferecem suporte à identificação da espécie.Palavras-chave: Palmeira, sistema vascular, fibras, parênquima

ベトナム北部における貿易港の考古学的研究 : ヴァンドンとフォーヒエンを中心に

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : (主査)東京大学教授 古田 元夫, 東京大学教授 桜井 栄治, 東京大学准教授 杉山 晴彦, 東京大学准教授 島田 竜登, 北海道大学准教授 吉開 将人University of Tokyo(東京大学

Leaf anatomical features of three Theobroma species \ud (Malvaceae s.l.) native to the Brazilian Amazon

Theobroma species have economic importance due to their use in the cosmetic and food industries, mainly in the production \ud of chocolate. However, the anatomy of their vegetative structures remains poorly studied. The goal of this study was to describe \ud the anatomical features of Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum and T. subincanum to contribute to the biological knowledge \ud of these species, as well as provide support to the biotechnological studies of native fruit plants of the Amazon. Leaves at \ud different developmental stages were collected and analyzed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sessile \ud and stalked stellate trichomes and digitiform glandular trichomes were observed in the expanded leaves of T. grandiflorum and \ud T. subincanum. These species were also similar in the morphology of the midrib, the organization of the mesophyll and the \ud presence of starch grains in the midrib pith cells. Claviform glandular trichomes and mucilage cells in the epidermis occurred \ud only in the expanded leaves of T. speciosum. The presence of mucilage secretory trichomes in shoot apices (colleters) of all \ud species is a new finding for the genus Theobroma.As espécies de Theobroma têm importância econômica devido a sua utilização nas indústrias cosmética e alimentícia, \ud principalmente na produção de chocolate. Entretanto, a anatomia de suas estruturas vegetativas permanece pouco conhecida. O \ud presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever as características anatômicas de Theobroma grandiflorum, T. speciosum e T. subincanum, \ud como contribuição ao conhecimento biológico dessas espécies, bem como, fornecer subsídios aos estudos biotecnológicos de \ud fruteiras nativas da Amazônia. Folhas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e analisadas sob microscopia \ud de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Nas folhas expandidas de T. grandiflorum e T. subincanum foram observados tricomas dos \ud tipos estrelado séssil, pedunculado e glandular digitiforme. Estas espécies também foram similares quanto à morfologia da \ud nervura central, à organização do mesofilo e à presença de grãos de amido no parênquima medular da nervura central. Tricomas \ud glandulares claviformes e células mucilaginosas na epiderme do limbo foliar ocorreram somente em T. speciosum. A presença \ud de tricomas secretores de mucilagem nos ápices vegetativos (coléteres) de todas as espécies estudadas é um novo registro para \ud o gênero Theobroma.The first author is grateful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a graduate student scholarship (Process number 132764/2010- 5) and to the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Botânica Tropical of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. We also greatly acknowledge the Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC) for providing equipment and technical support and Dr Dewey Litwiller (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) for the revision of the paper and value suggestions and comments

ANATOMIA FOLIAR DE Socratea exorrhiza (MART.) H. WENDL. (ARECACEAE)

Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. is a palm tree that occurs in significant abundance in lowland forests of the Amazon region due to its root system adapted to flooded environments. However, with the sheet the organ that more changes in response to environmental change is proposed in this study to characterize the leaf structure of S. exorrhiza, aimed at generating useful information to better understand the anatomical characteristics of this body, in the occurrence of natural conditions of species. For this, samples were submitted to the usual techniques in plant anatomy. The regions of the leaf have different structures. The sheath is presented dorsiventral with papillose epidermis, air spaces, canals with septa and crystal raphides, the petiole and rachis exhibit a peripheral region and other spinal cord, with vascular bundles surrounded by sheaths amiliferous. The pinna is amphistomatic, with waxy streaks on the walls of guard cells, trichomes in the form of T, filamentous and branched. In the mesophyll, three types of vascular bundles: primary, secondary and tertiary, the border along the pinna has tapered form, orthorhombic and revolute. From the results it is concluded that, in general, the leaves of S. exorrhiza have characteristics common to Arecaceae. However, striking feature have been observed that may be unique to the species.Keywords: Palm; pinna; trichomes; secretory ducts; floodplain forest.Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. é uma palmeira nativa de florestas de várzea da região Amazônica, cujas as raízes apresentam características estruturais adaptadas a ambientes com disponibilidade hídrica. Sendo a folha o órgão que mais se modifica em resposta às alterações ambientais, é proposta deste estudo caracterizar a anatomia foliar de S. exorrhiza, visando fornecer subsídios úteis para se compreender melhor a estrutura deste órgão em condições naturais de ocorrência dessa espécie. Para isso, amostras foram submetidas às técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. As regiões da pina apresentam estruturas distintas. A bainha apresenta-se dorsiventral, com epiderme papilosa, amplos espaços aeríferos e ductos secretores com cristais do tipo ráfides, além de septos transversais, os quais foram descritos pela primeira vez. O pecíolo e a raque exibem uma região periférica e outra medular, com feixes vasculares circundados por bainhas amilíferas. A pina é anfiestomática, com estrias cerosas nas paredes das células-guarda e muitos tricomas tectores ramificados, especialmente nas regiões costais. Já o mesofilo apresenta três tipos de feixes vasculares: primários, secundários e terciários. A margem ao longo da pina apresenta as formas, afilada, revoluta e rômbica. A partir dos resultados conclui-se que, em geral, as folhas de S. exorrhiza apresentam características comuns a família Arecaceae, porém foram observados caracteres marcantes e inéditos que podem ser exclusivos da espécie. Palavras-chave: Palmeira, pinas, tricomas, ductos secretores, floresta de várzea