Suffosion Holes as the Results of a Breakage of a Buried Water Pipe

The result of a breakage of a buried water pipe is the watermovement in soil, which can cause that fine soil particles arewashed out from the solid matrix and transported through pores(suffosion process). It is widely known that the most hazardoussuffosion effects in urban areas relate to water-engineeringstructures. Holes, that can form on the soil surface by wateroutflowing after a failure of a buried pipeline (suffosion holes),are in different shapes and sizes. Recognition of factors influencingholes shapes and sizes would facilitate the preventionof hazardous suffosion effects connected with failures of waterdistribution systems. In the range of the presented article, theinfluence of selected parameters on the dimensions of suffosionholes was analyzed. The basis of the analysis was results oflaboratory investigations of the controlled leakage from a buriedwater pipe. The vast majority of values of suffosion holesareas, selected according to area of leak and hydraulic pressurehead in a pipe, occurred normally distributed. The tendencyof average area of suffosion holes to be higher with risingpressure head in a pipe was clearly visible, but we were asyet unable to select one regression model fitting measured andcalculated data better than others. Moreover, no tendency wasobserved between the biggest probable area of suffosion holeand pressure head in a pipe

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRENGTH OF TANKS DEDICATED TO HOT UTILITY WATER

The focus of this paper are experimental and numerical strength tests of domestic hot water storage tanks. The tests involved the verification of the minimum wall thickness for the assumed operating parameters while meeting all safety standards. The authors presented numerical and experimental analyses for the verification of strength parameters of axial cylindrical tanks due to the lack of methodological guidelines for this type of equipment. In order to verify the conducted theoretical considerations and calculations, experimental tests of samples of front welds produced with austenitic steel as well as a pressure test for the whole tank were conducted using a research test stand

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRENGTH OF TANKS DEDICATED TO HOT UTILITY WATER

The focus of this paper are experimental and numerical strength tests of domestic hot water storage tanks. The tests involved the verification of the minimum wall thickness for the assumed operating parameters while meeting all safety standards. The authors presented numerical and experimental analyses for the verification of strength parameters of axial cylindrical tanks due to the lack of methodological guidelines for this type of equipment. In order to verify the conducted theoretical considerations and calculations, experimental tests of samples of front welds produced with austenitic steel as well as a pressure test for the whole tank were conducted using a research test stand

HIGH SPEED MILLING IN THIN-WALLED AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES

Aircraft structures are designed to mainly consist of integral elements which have been produced by welding or riveting of component parts in technologies utilized earlier in the production process. Parts such as ribs, longitudinals, girders, frames, coverages of fuselage and wings can all be categorized as integral elements. These parts are assembled into larger assemblies after milling. The main aim of the utilized treatments, besides ensuring the functional criterion, is obtaining the best ratio of strength to con-struction weight. Using high milling speeds enables economical manu-facturing of integral components by reducing machining time, but it also improves the quality of the machined surface. It is caused by the fact that cutting forces are significantly lower for high cutting speeds than for standard machining techniques

Design of a Planting Module for an Automatic Device for Forest Regeneration

Forest regeneration by means of seedlings grown in container nurseries is usually performed manually with the use of the standard dibble bar or the tube dibble. Manual placement of a large number of seedlings in the soil requires a lot of work. Manual removal of the soil cover and digging the soil in spots with a diameter of 0.4 m requires, under average conditions, about 38 man-hours/ha, while planting with a dibble bar requires about 34 man-hours/ha. Additional work time is needed to carry seedlings over an area that is being afforested. At present, forestry does not have automatic planters that would enable the establishment of forest cultures. The aim of the paper is to present the concept of an autonomous robot and an innovative technology of performing forest regeneration and afforestation of former agricultural and reclaimed areas. The paper also presents the design solutions of the key working unit, which is a universal, openable dibble, cooperating with a three-toothed shaft to prepare a planting spot. The solution proposed enables continuous operation of the machine, i.e. without the need to stop the base vehicle

Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in endometrial cancer by coupled separation techniques

This study presents a selective method of isolation of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), in neoplastically changed human tissue by accelerated solvent and ultrasonic extractions using a mixture of acetonitrile/water (84/16% v/v) as the extraction solvent. Extraction effectiveness was determined through the selection of parameters (composition of the solvent mixture, temperature, pressure, number of cycles) with tissue contamination at the level of nanograms per gram. The produced acetonitrile/water extracts were purified, and analytes were enriched in columns packed with homemade molecularly imprinted polymers. Purified extracts were determined by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with different detection systems (diode array detection - DAD and mass spectrometry - MS) involving the Ascentis RP-Amide as a stationary phase and gradient elution. The combination of UE-MISPE-LC (ultrasonic extraction - molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction - liquid chromatography) produced high (R ≈ 95–98%) and repeatable (RSD < 3%) recovery values for ZON and α-ZOL

Influence of Broadleaved Wood Conditioning by Pulsed Electric Field on Its Combustion Heat Characteristics

This publication presents changes in sawdust of selected deciduous trees as a consequence of impulse electric field (PEF) stimulation. The analyzed changes concerned the time&ndash;temperature characteristics created during the measurement of the heat of combustion of the audited material. Based on experience from previous studies, two alternatives of electric field strength and one variant of capacitor discharges (pulses) were adopted. The results were compared with the sample not treated with PEF. The selected parameters were the result of previous studies, in which the applied variants seemed to be the most promising, i.e., they gave the most diverse results. The research presented in this work has shown that the pulsed electric field affects the time and temperature characteristics of biological material. The changes are most pronounced for the last period of the combustion process, from the moment the maximum temperature was reached to the end of the process. The obtained results indicate that birch and ash react to PEF conditioning in a similar manner. The second group, due to the similarity of the obtained results, is oak and linden. It seems that, apart from the electric field strength, the obtained results are also influenced by the cellulose content in the tested wood. The described process has a very low energy-efficiency, but the reduction of the energy needed to generate the impulse could lead to the possibility of applying the obtained results in industry