Immunohistochemical Techniques Applied to Raw and Mildly Heat Treated Meat Systems

Immunohistology was performed with six commercially available antibodies directed against myosins, actins and collagens. The corresponding antigens, appearing on the surface of cryo-sections from meat and meat products heat treated to different end temperatures, were visualized using these antibodies. The meat and meat products were heated from 20 °C to 80 °C. At 80 °C the meat systems were devoid of thermal transitions as judged from differential scanning calorimetric measurements. Our results showed that although reduced binding was the case for systems heated above 60 °C, the signals from the antibody labelling was still sufficiently strong to provide information about specific antigens in meat systems heated to 70-80 °C. Antibodies with a high initial affinity bound to the their respective antigens after the latter had been heated to a few degrees above their denaturation temperature as detected in a scanning calorimeter. This investigation points to the possibility of fmding sufficiently good commercial antibodies to perform immunohistology on meat products heated to temperatures between 70-80 °C. This is important as many commercial meat products are heated to end temperatures in this range. Several examples of the labelling intensity obtained on heated meat and meat products are given. In addition, an example using double labelling with antibodies to collagen III and an antibody to slow myosin in a food product heated to 75 °C is given. Problems related to non-specific staining and to non-specific effects of heat treatment are also briefly discussed

A New Partial Differential Equation and a New Instantaneous Current-time Curve for Polarography

Present theories describing polarography processes are inadequate for, they do not correctly predict experimental results. However, this use of the average conceals how poorly the instantaneous time-dependence of the diffusion current is represented. Accordingly this paper attempts to illuminate the situation and do what it can to remedy the problem. Some authors have sought to make theory agree with experiment by improving the approximate solution of the accepted partial differential equation. Such attempts have met with little success in predicting the instantaneous current. The present paper points out a flaw inherent in the accepted p.d.e. A few workers have adopted a nonrigorous approach to the problem and have obtained better results. Since a solution to the new p.d.e was not found, the present study also engages in a nonrigorous research which proves fruitful, yielding better results than have hitherto been obtained. This paper begins with a compendium of polarography for the purpose of familiarization. This is followed by a derivation of a new p.d.e. and a derivation of a function that fits the instantons current-time data

Tritium implantation in the accelerator production of tritium device

We briefly describe the methods we have developed to compute the magnitude and spatial distribution of born and implanted tritons and protons in the Accelerator Production of Tritium (AFT) device. The methods are verified against experimental measurements and then used to predict that 16% of the tritium is implanted in the walls of the APT distribution tubes. The methods are also used to estimate the spatial distribution of implanted tritium, which will be required for determining the possible diffusion of tritium out of the walls and back into the gas stream

Accelerator-driven targets: understanding and analyzing the spallation process

Recent advances in accelerator technology have led to the practical realization of high-power beams. When coupled with high-power spallation target technology, these systems offer a more environmentally-friendly method of producing neutrons than reactors. We will focus our attention here on the application of spallation technology to the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT). 5 refs., 3 figs

Primary physical education, coaches and continuing professional development

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Sport, Education and Society, 16(4), 485 - 505, 2011, copyright @ Taylor & Francis, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13573322.2011.589645.Physical education (PE) in primary schools has traditionally been taught by qualified primary teachers. More recently, some teaching of PE in primary schools has been undertaken by coaches (mostly football coaches). These coaches hold national governing body awards but do not hold teaching qualifications. Thus, coaches may not be adequately prepared to teach PE in curriculum time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of a group of community-based football coaches working in primary schools for the impact of a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme on their ability to undertake ‘specified work’ to cover PE in primary schools. The programme focused on four areas identified as important to enable coaches to cover specified work: short- and medium-term planning, pedagogy, knowledge of the curriculum and reflection. Results showed that for the majority of coaches the CPD programme had made them more aware of the importance of these four areas and had helped to develop their knowledge and ability to put this into practice in covering planning, preparation and assessment time. However, further input is still required to develop coaches’ knowledge and understanding in all four areas, but especially their curriculum knowledge, as well as their ability to put these into practice consistently. These findings are discussed in relation to the implications of employing coaches to cover the teaching of PE in primary schools and, if employed, what CPD coaches need to develop the necessary knowledge, skill and understanding for covering specified work in schools

The traditional, the ideal and the unexplored: sport coaches’ social identity constructs in film

The sport coaching construct within mainstream fiction films has been described as stereotypical, reinforcing the traditional notion of the sport coach as a technician who conquers all, or a hapless individual, open to ridicule from athletes and fans. Although this depiction is also prevalent in some independent fiction films and documentaries, film sub genres such as social realism and “fly on the wall” style documentaries move away from the “Hollywood sports film structure” towards stories that focus on everyday coaching moments. Through a critical discourse analysis of two U.K. films (Bend it Like Beckham and Twenty Four Seven), both featuring sport coaches in central roles, we reflect critically on these mass media multidimensional representations in terms of the sport coaching professionalisation agenda in the U.K. and the social identification process of sport coaches within their sporting environments. Keywords: Sport coaching, film, social identification, professionalisation, coaching roles

Reflection and the art of coaching: fostering high-performance in olympic ski cross

In preparation for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games, the lead author engaged in systematic reflection in an attempt to implement coaching behaviours and create practice environments that promoted athlete development (psycho-social and physical performance). The research was carried out in relation to his work as head Ski Cross coach working with (primarily) three athletes in their quest for Olympic qualification and subsequent performance success in the Olympic Games. This project sought to examine coach-athlete interactions. Of particular interest were coach and athlete responses regarding the implementation of autonomy supportive coaching behaviours in a high context. Autonomy supportive coaching behaviours have previously been strongly associated with positive athlete psycho-social and performance outcomes, however, a paucity of research has examined its implementation in high-performance contexts. Through the use of participant ethnography, it was possible to gain considerable insights regarding athletes' perceptions of choice, implications of perceived athletic hierarchies, as well as cultural and experience-related influences on training and performance expectations

Exploring sport coaches’ experiences of using a contemporary pedagogical approach to coaching: An international perspective

Nonlinear contemporary coaching approaches are becoming more prominent in academic research, although there is still limited take-up by sports practitioners. Research has investigated why coaches continue to use traditional reproductive pedagogical approaches. However, there is limited understanding of insights and experiences of sports coaches who have switched to contemporary approaches in practice. This study aimed to: (i) explore insights of coaches who are adopting contemporary approaches to understand why they eschewed more traditional approaches and (ii) gain information on their experiences when implementing these contemporary approaches into their practice. To address these aims, 15 experienced professional individual and team sports coaches from a range of countries (i.e. Australia, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, UK, USA), were interviewed. Thematic analysis revealed 59 lower-order themes and 10 higher-order themes, organised into 3 dimensions; (i) factors underpinning the coaches’ approach to athlete learning; (ii) learning approaches; and (iii), responses to contemporary pedagogical approaches. Coaches reported a typical culture of traditional methods of learning within their sports, which they believed were not effective in developing athlete performance. Hence, they elected to adopt a contemporary non-linear, individualised, adaptive approach, emphasising representative learning designs. Results suggested that typical reactions to this approach included resistance from stakeholders. However, coaches continued to use this approach and expressed the importance of effective communication with stakeholders to enable acceptance of the contemporary approaches of learning. Findings suggest how continued integration between experiential and empirical knowledge of practitioners may increase the acceptance of contemporary pedagogical approaches, facilitating acceptance of new approaches to learning

"They have to toe the line": a Foucauldian analysis of the socialisation of former elite athletes into academy coaching roles

The pathway between elite athlete and high-performance coach is common within English men’s rugby union and association football. To help develop as coaches, many elite athletes gain coaching experiences within male high-performance youth academies. The purpose of this article sought to gain an insight into the socialisation processes of current and former elite athletes within association football and rugby union amongst the socio-cultural context of England, and to identify why Academy Directors seemingly preferred to recruit current and former elite athletes as academy coaches. Semi-structured interviews with 11 Academy Directors were conducted. Results showed that the Academy Directors preferred to recruit their respective club’s current and former athletes as a means to govern their academy’s “club culture”. Foucault’s concepts of docility and discipline conceptualise how current and former elite athletes were judged to be more trustworthy to reproduce the academy culture in their coaching practices compared to external candidates