The Jus Ad Bellum and the 1998 Initiation of the Eritrean-Ethopian War

From May 1998 to December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia engaged in an armed conflict that cost the lives of thousands of individuals, injured thousands more, and displaced tens of thousands of men, women, and children from their homes. In December 2000, the two sides concluded a comprehensive agreement that ended the war. Among other things, the agreement established the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Consisting of five arbitrators, the Commission’s mandate was to “decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other” that were “related to the conflict” and that “resulted from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law.” The two countries filed claims with the Commission in December 2001 and from that time until August 2009, the Commission issued seventeen arbitral awards and eight decisions, covering a broad array of claims, including inhumane treatment of prisoners of war and civilian internees, abuse of enemy aliens in a belligerent’s territory or in occupied territory, wrongful seizure of the enemy’s public or private property, indiscriminate battlefield conduct or aerial bombing, harassment of diplomats and seizure of diplomatic property, and many other matters. The book LITIGATING WAR: ARBITRATION OF CIVIL INJURY BY THE ERITREA-ETHIOPIA CLAIMS COMMISSION seeks to integrate in discrete chapters the Commission’s findings on key topics, with each chapter organized into sub-sections that deal with the principal elements of that topic. The guiding emphasis is not on who-filed-what claim but is instead on what kinds of violations were addressed by the Commission, what kinds of evidence were relevant in establishing or defending against such violations, what legal conclusions emerged in addressing those violations, and what levels of compensation were deemed appropriate when a violation was found.The dominant area of international law upon which claims before the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission were based was the jus in bello, or the law operating as between two belligerents after an armed conflict has arisen. One type of claim filed before the Commission, however, was quite different, in that it concerned an alleged violation of the jus ad bellum, or the law on when a state may resort to a use of military force against another state. As one of the most important norms for the international legal system, the Commission’s treatment of the jus ad bellum claim is of particular interest, and is addressed in the book’s Chapter IV on “Initiation of War.

Overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation policy implementation: insights from Ethiopia

This paper discusses Ethiopia’s planned climate adaptation interventions and the barriers that impede implementation of adaptation policies at the local level by using the case study of Raya Azebo district. Data was collected through reviews of policy documents, focus group discussions with farmers and interviews with relevant government actors. Results indicate that climate change is addressed in various policy documents but there is limited progress in implementation of these policies. The study identified various barriers to climate adaptation policy implementation which included a lack of financial resources, poor coordination among institutional actors and local actors’ low technical capacities for addressing climate change. The study contributes to the literature of climate change policy planning and implementation in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and suggests measures to overcome the existing barriers to climate change adaptation policiesRahwa Kidane, Thomas Wanner and Melissa Nursey-Bra

SURVEY OF COACHING BEHAVIOR AMONG ETHIOPIAN FOOTBALL COACHES

ABSTRACT Football in Ethiopia has long journey in a half a century. It has come a long way from the days when the country's leading referee who sat on horseback galloped all over the field following the players. As things became more sophisticated stone-markers were utilized to delineate the field and hefty sticks to serve as goal-posts. In the early days of its establishment (1943)(1944)(1945)(1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951)(1952

Factors Associated with Time to Cease Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants Aged 6–9 Months, Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Survival Analysis

Getachew Sale Mezgebu,1 Luladey Getachew,2 Fentaw Wassie Feleke,1,3 Rediet Kidane2 1Department of Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Academic Center of Excellence in Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 3Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Fentaw Wassie Feleke, Tel +251917008650, Fax +251335400643, Email [email protected]: Notwithstanding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guideline for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of an infant’s life, its prevalence remains low in both developed and developing countries. Although breastfeeding is widely practiced in Ethiopia, only 59% of the children under the age of six months were exclusively breastfed.Objective: This study aimed to assess the time to cessation of EBF and associated factors among infants aged 6– 9 months in health facilities under Kirkos sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 287 mothers attending Kirkos sub-city health facilities from September 1 to 30, 2020. Bivariable and multivariable Cox regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with the time to cessation of EBF.Results: According to this finding, the median period for EBF discontinuation was 6 months. Early cessation of EBF was 130 (45.8%) days. Mothers with average household monthly income < 15 USD [AHR, 5.31 (95% CI: 2.82, 9.99)] and 15– 30 USD [AHR, 2.59 (95% CI: 1.41, 4.77)], EBF counseling at post-natal care [AHR, 0.18 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.31)], media access [AHR, 1.67 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.63)], child comorbidity [AHR, 0.51 (95% CI: 0.29, 0.88)], bottle feeding [AHR, 3.28 (95% CI: 2.14 5.01)], unfavorable attitude towards EBF [AHR, 3.59 (95% CI: 2.02, 6.40)] were significant factors associated with the hazard of cessation of EBF.Conclusion: In this investigation, the cumulative survival probability of EBF to 6 months was 45.8%, with a median duration of 6 months (95% CI 5.83– 6.18) months. Unfavorable attitudes, child comorbidity, and bottle feeding were factors associated with earlier cessation of EBF. Media access, household monthly higher income, and EBF counseling at postnatal care were factors associated with prolonged EBF. As a result, supporting behavioral change and media access for effective communication on EBF duration practice following the established standard should be targeted during both ante-natal and post-natal care visits.Keywords: Addis Ababa, hazard ratio, postnatal care, survival analysis, time to cessation of EB

Intra- and interspecific polymorphisms ofLeishmania donovani andL. tropica minicircle DNA

A pair of degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers (LEI-1, TCG GAT CC[C,T] [G,C]TG GGT AGG GGC GT; LEI-2, ACG GAT CC[G,C] [G,C][A,C]C TAT [A,T]TT ACA CC) defining a 0.15-kb segment ofLeishmania minicircle DNA was constructed. These primers amplified not only inter- but also intraspecifically polymorphic sequences. Individual sequences revealed a higher intraspecific than interspecific divergence. It is concluded that individual sequences are of limited relevance for species determination. In contrast, when a data base of 19 different sequences was analyzed in a dendrographic plot, an accurate species differentiation was feasible

Multimodal Listening as Technologically-Mediated Embodied Musicking

This paper discusses an approach to multimodal listening that draws upon three disparate but related areas of research: the creative music practice of the first author, quantitative evaluation of vibrotactile technology within speech and hearing science aimed at improving music perception and enjoyment for cochlear implant users, and a qualitative study involving the musical experiences of people who routinely wear a variety of assistive hearing technologies. It proposes that listening is an active, embodied process, taking place within the diverse sensorimotor, sociocultural, and aesthetic relationships between listeners and their worlds. These ideas are explored through observations of musical listening experiences that are technologically-mediated in various ways: they are ones which incorporate both the sonic and the tactile, but which do not aim to simply substitute one sensory modality for another. This project is intentionally interdisciplinary in its methodologies with the goal of illuminating how research approaches that work in tension can be productively inventive

Correlation of X-ray diffraction signatures of breast tissue and their histopathological classification

This pilot study examines the correlation of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements with the histopathological analysis of breast tissue. Eight breast cancer samples were investigated. Each sample contained a mixture of normal and cancerous tissues. In total, 522 separate XRD measurements were made at different locations across the samples (8 in total). The resulting XRD spectra were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) in order to determine if there were any distinguishing features that could be used to identify different tissue components. 99.0% of the variation between the spectra were described by the first two principal components (PC). Comparing the location of points in PC space with the classification determined by histopathology indicated correlation between the shape/magnitude of the XRD spectra and the tissue type. These results are encouraging and suggest that XRD could be used for the intraoperative or postoperative classification of bulk tissue samples

Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer

Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.This work was supported by the CancerCare Manitoba Operating grant (763117252) funded by CancerCare Manitoba Foundation, a Vanier CIHR Ph.D. studentship, and the Max Rady College of Medicine’s BSc (Med) program

A realist synthesis of randomised control trials involving use of community health workers for delivering child health interventions in low and middle income countries

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A key constraint to saturating coverage of interventions for reducing the burden of childhood illnesses in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) is the lack of human resources. Community health workers (CHW) are potentially important actors in bridging this gap. Evidence exists on effectiveness of CHW in management of some childhood illnesses (IMCI). However, we need to know how and when this comes to be. We examine evidence from randomized control trials (RCT) on CHW interventions in IMCI in LMIC from a realist perspective with the aim to see if they can yield insight into the working of the interventions, when examined from a different perspective.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The realist approach involves educing the mechanisms through which an intervention produced an outcome in a particular context. 'Mechanisms' are reactions, triggered by the interaction of the intervention and a certain context, which lead to change. These are often only implicit and are actually hypothesized by the reviewer. This review is limited to unravelling these from the RCTs; it is thus a hypothesis generating exercise.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Interventions to improve CHW performance included 'Skills based training of CHW', 'Supervision and referral support from public health services', 'Positioning of CHW in the community'. When interventions were applied in context of CHW programs embedded in local health services, with beneficiaries who valued services and had unmet needs, the interventions worked if following mechanisms were triggered: anticipation of being valued by the community; perception of improvement in social status; sense of relatedness with beneficiaries and public services; increase in self esteem; sense of self efficacy and enactive mastery of tasks; sense of credibility, legitimacy and assurance that there was a system for back-up support. Studies also showed that if context differed, even with similar interventions, negative mechanisms could be triggered, compromising CHW performance.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The aim of this review was to explore if RCTs could yield insight into the working of the interventions, when examined from a different, a realist perspective. We found that RCTs did yield some insight, but the hypotheses generated were very general and not well refined. These hypotheses need to be tested and refined in further studies.</p