Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals and histopathological alterations in liver of Euryglossa orientalis and Psettodes erumei along North Coast of the Persian Gulf

In order to make evaluation of some heavy metals bioaccumulation and explore their histopathological effects on hepatocytes of oriental sole (Euryglossa orientalis) and deep flounder (Psettodes erumei), fishes were caught from two areas of north coast of the Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbass and Bandar Lengeh. Concentrations of nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) in liver of both species in two sampling regions were in the following order: Bandar abbass> Bandar lengeh. Between the two species, these quantities were higher in P. erumei than E. orientalis in both sampling regions. Histopathology of the liver shows some cellular alterations including degeneration, necrosis and tissue disruption, and histopathological effects were severe in P. erumei than E. orientalis. Results showed that Bandar Abbass region was more polluted than Bandar Lengeh and because Ni and V were oil pollution indicators and two flat fishes were benthic, they can receive considerable amount of oil pollution through their biological activities like feeding. Also, higher amounts of heavy metal concentrations and major histopathological effects in E. orientalis showed strong relationship between benthic habitat of the fish and amounts of received pollutants from water and sediments since E. orientalis is more related to the bottom than P. erumei.Key words: Vanadium, nickel flatfishes, Persian Gulf

Efectos de la aclimatización al cortisol y a la salinidad en el Na+/K+/2Cl–- cotransportador de expresión génica y en la actividad Na+, K+-ATPasa en las branquias de juveniles del Esturión de Persia

Na+, K+-ATPase activity and Na+/K+/2Cl–- cotransporter (NKCC) gene expression in the gills of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, fry (2-3 g, 3.30-8.12 cm total body length) in freshwater (control group), diluted Caspian Sea water (5 ppt) and after treatment with cortisol in freshwater were studied. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was lower in the 5 ppt-acclimated fish (1.07±0.05 _mol Pi/mg protein/h) than in the control fish (1.19±0.05 μmol Pi/mg protein/h) but this difference was not significant. nKCC gene expression in the 5 ppt-acclimated fish (1.6±0.07) was significantly higher than in the control fish (0.8±0.00). In the cortisol treated fish, Na+, K+-ATPase activity (1.91±0.05 μmol Pi/mg protein/h) and NKCC gene expression (3.2±0.1) were significantly higher than in the control group. our results show that Persian sturgeon fry (2-3 g) can tolerate 5 ppt salinity by changing their enzymatic content and activity, and that exogenous cortisol application can increase the osmoregulatory capacity of fry before release into brackish water and can reduce their mortality.Se estudió la actividad Na+, K+-ATPasa y el cotransportador de expresión génica (NKCC) Na+/K+/2Cl–- en las branquias de juveniles de esturión de Persia, Acipenser persicus, (2-3 g, 3.30-8.12 cm de longitud total) en agua dulce (grupo control), agua diluida del mar Caspio (5 ppt) y posterior tratamiento con cortisol en agua dulce. La actividad Na+, K+-ATPasa fue menor en los peces aclimatados en 5 ppt (1.07±0.05 μmol Pi/mg proteína/h) que en los peces (1.19±0.05 μmol Pi/mg proteína/h), pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. La expresión génica NKCC en peces desde 5 ppt de salinidad (1.6±0.07) fue significativamente más alta que en el grupo (0.8±0.00). en los peces tratados con cortisol la actividad Na+, K+-ATPasa (1.91±0.05 μmol P Pi/mg proteína/h) y la expresión génica NKCC (3.2±0.1) incrementaron significativamente en comparación con el grupo control. nuestros resultados mostraron que los juveniles de esturión de Persia (2-3 g) pueden tolerar 5 ppt de salinidad y esta capacidad se consiguió cambiando su contenido y actividad enzimática; -la aplicación de cortisol exógeno puede incrementar la capacidad osmoregulatoria de los juveniles antes de soltarlos a aguas salobres y puede reducir su mortalidad

Effects of atrazine herbicide on physiological, biochemical and histological biomarkers of developmental stages of larvae and fry in Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum

To investigation of the toxic effects of atrazine on newly hatched larvae and releasing age fry of the Caspian Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, the 96h LC50 was determined as 18.53 ppm and 24.95 ppm, respectively. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of atrazine (1/2LC50, 1/4LC50 and 1/8LC50) for 7 days. Different histopathological alterations were observed in fins and integument, gills, Kidney, digestive system, liver and the brain of the exposed larvae. Fry’s were exposed to one sublethal concentration of atrazine (1/2LC50) for four days, and like the larvae’s, many histopathological alterations were observed in fins and integument, gills, Kidney, digestive system, liver and the brain of the exposed fry’s, too. Also, measurements of the body ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- in atrazine exposed larvae and fry’s compare to control groups showed that atrazine is changed the body ions composition. No significant differences were found in length growth rate, weight growth rate and the condition factor of the atrazine exposed larvae and fry. Immunohistochemical localization of the Na+, K+-ATPase in integumentary and gill ionocytes, showed no differences in dispersion pattern of the ionocytes in atrazine exposed larvae and fry, compare to control group. Measuring the dimensions of the ionocytes and counting the ionocytes showed that atrazine is affecting on ionocytes by mild increasing in size and mild decreasing in number. Ultrastructural studies, using SEM and TEM, showed that atrazine have significant effects on cellular and subcellular properties. It caused necrosis in surface of the pavement cells in branchial epithelium, necrosis in endoplasmic reticulum of the ionocytes and changed the shape of the mitochondria in these cells. Results showed that sublethal concentrations of atrazine were very toxic to larvae and fry of the Rutilus frisii kutum, and at these levels can made some serious histopathological alterations in their tissues. Related to the severe histopathological alterations in osmoregulatory organs, like gill, kidney and digestive system, and the alterations in the body ion composition, it could be concluded that atrazine could interfere with the osmoregulation process of the Rutilus frisii kutum at the early stages of the life history

Antidiabetic and Synergistic Effects Study of Anthocyanin Fraction from Berberis integerrima Fruit on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Model

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a complex endocrine disorder. There is serious attempt to realize antidiabetic compound from natural sources to use with other drugs for reduction of diabetes complication.  Materials and Methods: Present study is based on the investigation of antihyperglycemic effect of anthocyanin fraction of Berberis integerrima (AFBI) fruits on some physiological parameters (glucose level, glycogen content and body weight) in normal and streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic rats and evaluation of synergic effect of this fraction with metformin and glybenclamid. Male Sprague dawley rat were divided into nine groups: healthy control group, diabetic control group, diabetic groups treated with anthocyanin fraction (200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively); diabetic groups treated with glybenclamide and metformin separately, diabetic groups treated with glybenclamide + anthocyanin fraction (1000 mg/kg), metformin +anthocyanin fraction (1000 mg/kg).  Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AFBI (400, 1000mg/kg) significantly decreased blood glucose as compared with control. Moreover AFBI (400, 1000mg/kg) significantly increased liver glycogen and body weight in compared to control. Nevertheless there were no synergistic effects between anthocyanin fraction and metformin or glibenclamid on blood glucose, liver glycogen and body weight. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that AFBI possesses hypoglycemic effects and may be considered for evaluation in future diabetes clinical studies.</h4

Histopathological Effects of Trichodiniasis in Farmed Freshwater Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in West of Iran

The aim of present study was to monitor the presence of Trichodina sp. in Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from various fish farms in the western provinces of Iran during January, 2013- January, 2014. Out of 675 sampled fish 335, (49.16%) were infested with Trichodina. The highest prevalence was observed in the spring and winter followed by autumn and summer. In general, the intensity of infection was low except in cases where outbreaks of Trichodiniasis endangered the survival of fish in some ponds. In light infestation Trichodina is usually present on gills, fins and skin of apparently healthy fish. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis only appear on fish with heavy infections and cases of moderate ones that are usually exposed to one or more stress factors including, rough handling during transportation from ponds, overcrowdness, malnutrition, high of free ammonia and low of oxygen concentration. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis in sampled fish were sluggish movement, loss of appetite, black coloration, necrosis and ulcer on different parts of the body, detached scales and excessive accumulation of mucous in gill pouches. The most obvious histopathological changes in diseased fish were sloughing of the epidermal layer, aggregation of leucocytes and melanine-carrying cells (between the dermis and hypodermis) and proliferative changes including hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial lining cells of gill filaments which resulted in fusion of secondary lamellae. Control of Trichodiniasis, has been achieved by formalin bath treatment at a concentration of 250 ppm for one hour

Histopathological Effects of Trichodiniasis in Farmed Freshwater Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in West of Iran

The aim of present study was to monitor the presence of Trichodina sp. in Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from various fish farms in the western provinces of Iran during January, 2013- January, 2014. Out of 675 sampled fish 335, (49.16%) were infested with Trichodina. The highest prevalence was observed in the spring and winter followed by autumn and summer. In general, the intensity of infection was low except in cases where outbreaks of Trichodiniasis endangered the survival of fish in some ponds. In light infestation Trichodina is usually present on gills, fins and skin of apparently healthy fish. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis only appear on fish with heavy infections and cases of moderate ones that are usually exposed to one or more stress factors including, rough handling during transportation from ponds, overcrowdness, malnutrition, high of free ammonia and low of oxygen concentration. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis in sampled fish were sluggish movement, loss of appetite, black coloration, necrosis and ulcer on different parts of the body, detached scales and excessive accumulation of mucous in gill pouches. The most obvious histopathological changes in diseased fish were sloughing of the epidermal layer, aggregation of leucocytes and melanine-carrying cells (between the dermis and hypodermis) and proliferative changes including hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial lining cells of gill filaments which resulted in fusion of secondary lamellae. Control of Trichodiniasis, has been achieved by formalin bath treatment at a concentration of 250 ppm for one hour

Histopathological Effects of Trichodiniasis in Farmed Freshwater Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in West of Iran

The aim of present study was to monitor the presence of Trichodina sp. in Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from various fish farms in the western provinces of Iran during January, 2013- January, 2014. Out of 675 sampled fish 335, (49.16%) were infested with Trichodina. The highest prevalence was observed in the spring and winter followed by autumn and summer. In general, the intensity of infection was low except in cases where outbreaks of Trichodiniasis endangered the survival of fish in some ponds. In light infestation Trichodina is usually present on gills, fins and skin of apparently healthy fish. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis only appear on fish with heavy infections and cases of moderate ones that are usually exposed to one or more stress factors including, rough handling during transportation from ponds, overcrowdness, malnutrition, high of free ammonia and low of oxygen concentration. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis in sampled fish were sluggish movement, loss of appetite, black coloration, necrosis and ulcer on different parts of the body, detached scales and excessive accumulation of mucous in gill pouches. The most obvious histopathological changes in diseased fish were sloughing of the epidermal layer, aggregation of leucocytes and melanine-carrying cells (between the dermis and hypodermis) and proliferative changes including hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial lining cells of gill filaments which resulted in fusion of secondary lamellae. Control of Trichodiniasis, has been achieved by formalin bath treatment at a concentration of 250 ppm for one hour