Bio-conversion of rice straw waste in to high quality organic fertilizer

In India, 353 Mt crop stubble annually generated from rice and wheat crops respectively. About 84 Mt (23.86%) of the stubble is being burnt on-field by the farmers every year (Abdurrahman et al., 2020). Use of these unused crop residues (stubbles) for generating compost, incorporation into soil, biochar etc. will result in benefit to farmers by enhanced soil health and to environment by reduced pollution (Jain et al., 2014). Thus, the paddy straw was used to decompose it with the help of aerobic composting and the results are shared in this paper. It is evident from the above table that rice straw good source of nutrient. About 40% of the N, 30-35% of the P, 80-85% of the K and 40-45% of the S absorbed by rice remain in the vegetative parts at maturity. Therefore, one ton of rice straw contains 5-8 Kg N, 0.7-1.2 Kg P, 12-17 Kg K, 0.5-1 Kg S, 3-4 Kg Ca, 1-3 Kg Mg and 40-70 Kg Si (Dobermann and Wilt 2000).with Madhyam culture @ 200 kg cow dung for 1000 kg biomass. The compost heaps have been irrigated on alternative days and turning over has been conducted for every 10 days (Chander et al., 2018). The compost samples (KH1 to 18) were analyzed for organic carbon by Walkley black method and other parameters like N, P, K have been analyzed by ICPMS

A distinct first replication cycle of DNA introduced in mammalian cells

Many mutation events in microsatellite DNA sequences were traced to the first embryonic divisions. It was not known what makes the first replication cycles of embryonic DNA different from subsequent replication cycles. Here we demonstrate that an unusual replication mode is involved in the first cycle of replication of DNA introduced in mammalian cells. This alternative replication starts at random positions, and occurs before the chromatin is fully assembled. It is detected in various cell lines and primary cells. The presence of single-stranded regions increases the efficiency of this alternative replication mode. The alternative replication cannot progress through the A/T-rich FRA16B fragile site, while the regular replication mode is not affected by it. A/T-rich microsatellites are associated with the majority of chromosomal breakpoints in cancer. We suggest that the alternative replication mode may be initiated at the regions with immature chromatin structure in embryonic and cancer cells resulting in increased genomic instability. This work demonstrates, for the first time, differences in the replication progression during the first and subsequent replication cycles in mammalian cells