Some Basic Observation on Contradictory Representation of Women in Indian Perspectives

It is true that technological innovations have brought about a radical change in standard of living of people but simultaneously it has degraded the social environment. Society of the past, although not developed from this point of view but was gentle, polite, descent in manner and character. But at present, the touch of modernization through different adverse forms have lowered the taste, elegance and morality of common people, the result of which social degradation has been taking place. Indecent representation of women in various media is one of them .Such type of undesirable, shameful representations of women through advertisement, Cinema, Television, Newspapers, Magazines etc. have been attracting people to perform offensive activities which are introducing social and moral disaster. Although there is no any scarcity or deficiency of Govt. rules and regulation including Indian Penal Code, but unfortunately, such types of unwanted representations are going on due ever increasing consumerism.. The paper tries to highlight the nature of indecent representation of women as an emerging social issue, correlate the facts with deterioration of social environment and criticizes its adverse impact with some remedies. Keywords: Indecent Representation; Social Crimes; Advertisement; Globalization; Consumerism; Self Control and Respect Résumé: Il est vrai que les innovations technologiques ont entraîné un changement radical du niveau de vie des gens, mais en même temps elles ont dégradé l'environnement social. La société d'antan n'a pas été développée de cette façon, et elle a connu un développement doux et poli. Mais à l'heure actuelle, les impacts de la modernisation à travers de différentes formes défavorables ont réduit le goût, l'élégance et la moralité des gens ordinaires, dont le résultat de dégradation sociale a eu lieu. La représentation indécente des femmes dans différents médias est l'un d'entre eux. Ce genre de représentation indésirables et honteuses des femmes dans la publicité, dans le cinéma, à la télévision, dans les journaux et les magazines ont attiré les gens à exercer des activités offensives qui pourront causer une catastrophe sociale et morale. Bien que les règles et les réglementations gouvernementales, y compris le Code pénal indien n'ont pas de lacunes ou d'insuffisances, ce genre de représentations indésirables continue à exister malgré un consumérisme croissant.L'article tente de mettre en évidence la nature de la représentation indécente des femmes comme une question sociale émergente, associer les faits à la détérioration de l'environnement social et critiquer ses effets négatifs à certains remèdes.Mot cles: représentation indecent; crimes sociaux; publicité; mondialisation; consumérisme; contrôle de soi et respec

Femtosecond coherent nuclear dynamics of excited tetraphenylethylene: Ultrafast transient absorption and ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopic studies

Ultrafast torsional dynamics plays an important role in the photoinduced excited state dynamics. Tetraphenylethylene (TPE), a model system for the molecular motor, executes interesting torsional dynamics upon photoexcitation. The photoreaction of TPE involves ultrafast internal conversion via a nearly planar intermediate state (relaxed state) that further leads to a twisted zwitterionic state. Here, we report the photoinduced structural dynamics of excited TPE during the course of photoisomerization in the condensed phase by ultrafast Raman loss (URLS) and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. TAmeasurements on the S1 state reveal step-wise population relaxation from the FranckCondon (FC) state -> relaxed state -> twisted state, while the URLS study provides insights on the vibrational dynamics during the course of the reaction. The TA spectral dynamics and vibrational Raman amplitudes within 1 ps reveal vibrational wave packet propagating from the FC state to the relaxed state. Fourier transformation of this oscillation leads to a similar to 130 cm(-1) low-frequency phenyl torsional mode. Two vibrational marker bands, C-et=C-et stretching (similar to 1512cm(-1)) and C-ph=C-ph stretching (similar to 1584 cm(-1)) modes, appear immediately after photoexcitation in the URLS spectra. The initial red-shift of the C-ph=C-ph stretching mode with a time constant of similar to 400 fs (in butyronitrile) is assigned to the rate of planarization of excited TPE. In addition, the C-et=C-et stretching mode shows initial blue-shift within 1 ps followed by frequency red-shift, suggesting that on the subpicosecond time scale, structural relaxation is dominated by phenyl torsion rather than the central C-et=C-et twist. Furthermore, the effect of the solvent on the structural dynamics is discussed in the context of ultrafast nuclear dynamics and solute-solvent coupling. Published by AIP Publishing

Probing the effect of solvation on photoexcited 2-(2 `-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole via ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopic studies

2-(2 `-Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) molecule is known to exhibit efficient excited state intramolecular proton transfer. As a consequence, it shows fluorescence with a large Stokes shift (similar to 10 000 cm(-1)) in non-polar solvents. However, fluorescence in polar solvents has a dual-band which corresponds to the emission from both the enol* and the keto* forms. Also, the excited state lifetime significantly varies with the solvent polarity. Recently, Mohammed et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 7550 (2011)] have shown that the excited state of HBT in acetonitrile (ACN) relaxes back to its ground electronic state through two competitive decay pathways, i.e., intramolecular proton transfer and intramolecular twisting between hydroxyphenyl and benzothiazole units in contrast to its behavior when it is in tetrachloroethene, a non-polar solvent. Here, by following the time-evolution of vibrational features of excited state HBT in ACN through ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy, we demonstrate a direct evidence for the involvement of torsional motion leading to an ultrashort lifetime of HBT. The time evolution of the C-7-N vibrational frequency exhibited a red-shift in its peak position, clearly indicating the evolution of the initially planar cis-keto* form to the more twisted keto* form. Density functional theory calculations also well corroborate the experimental findings. Furthermore, wavepacket analysis of this mode reveals a strong correlation with the torsional motion in ACN. Published by AIP Publishing

Ultrafast Raman Loss Spectroscopy Unravels the Dynamics in Entangled Singlet and Triplet States in Thioxanthone

Thioxanthone (TX), an aromatic ketone, exhibits significant solvent-dependent photophysical properties. Herein, we employed timeresolved ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS) to decipher the solventdependent structural dynamics in entangled singlet and triplet states of photoexcited TX. The evolution of the vibrational spectrum reveals structural changes that occur during the intersystem-crossing (ISC) process and the subsequent energy dissipation to the surrounding solvent. The C=0 stretch (similar to 1320 cm(-1)) of TX in the excited state acts as the marker band as it undergoes a red shift with time constants of similar to 45 and similar to 5 ps in acetonitrile and methanol, respectively. Such a red shift is an indicator of the softening of the bond due to the change in the electronic spin states. We also observed a blue shift in Raman frequencies corresponding to the C=C stretch and the C=0 stretching modes of TX in acetonitrile and methanol, indicating vibrational cooling in the excited singlet and triplet states. In the case of TX in cyclohexane, vibrational modes at 190 and 415 cm(-1) exhibit a blue shift with a time constant of similar to 700 fs, which represents the structural distortion during internal conversion (S-2 -> S-1) process. The kinetics of amplitudes of these modes follows biexponential growth with time constants of similar to 3 and similar to 14 ps representing the time scales for the ISC process and the planarization process in the triplet state, respectively. The URLS study therefore provides a direct measure of the various stages of the solvent-dependent structural dynamics in the excited state of TX

Understanding Ultrafast Dynamics of Conformation Specific Photo-Excitation: A Femtosecond Transient Absorption and Ultrafast Raman Loss Study

Excited state ultrafast conformational reorganization is recognized as an important phenomenon that facilitates light-induced functions of many molecular systems. This report describes the femtosecond and picosecond conformational relaxation dynamics of middle-ring and terminal ring twisted conformers of the acetylene π- conjugated system bis(phenylethynyl)benzene, a model system for molecular wires. Through excitation wavelength dependent, femtosecond-transient absorption measurements, we found that the middlering and terminal ring twisted conformers relax at femtosecond (400−600 fs) and picosecond (20−24 ps) time scales, respectively. Actinic pumping into the red flank of the absorption spectrum leads to excitation of primarily planar conformers, and results in very different excited state dynamics. In addition, ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopic studies revealed the vibrational mode dependent relaxation dynamics for different excitation wavelengths. To corroborate our experimental findings, DFT and time-dependent DFT calculations were carried out. The Franck−Condon simulation indicated that the vibronic structure observed in the electronic absorption and the fluorescence spectra are due to progressions and combinations of several vibrational modes corresponding to the phenyl ring and the acetylenic groups. Furthermore, the middle ring torsional rotation matches the room-temperature electronic absorption, in stark contrast to the terminal ring torsional rotation. Finally, we show that the middle-ring twisted conformer undergoes femtosecond torsional planarization dynamic, whereas the terminal rings relax on a few tens of picosecond time scale

Optimization algorithms as training approaches for prediction of reference evapotranspiration using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system

Reference evapotranspiration (ET0), widely used in efficient and meaningful scheduling of irrigation events, is an essential component of agricultural water management strategy for proper utilization of limited water resources. Accurate and early prediction of ET0 can provide the basis for designing effective irrigation scheduling and help in resourceful management of water in agriculture. This study aims to evaluate and compare the performances of different hybridized Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models with optimization algorithms for predicting daily ET0. The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate daily ET0 values using his�torical weather data obtained from a weather station in Bangladesh. The obtained climatic variables and the estimated ET0 values form the input-output training patterns for the hybridized ANFIS models. The performances of these hybridized ANFIS models were compared with the classical ANFIS model tuned with combined Gradient Descent method and the Least Squares Estimate (GD-LSE) algorithm. Performance ranking of these ANFIS models was performed using Shannon’s Entropy (SE), Variation Coefficient (VC), and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) based decision theories supported by eight statistical indices. Results indicate that both SE and VC based decision theories provided the similar ranking though the numeric values of weights differed. On the other hand, GRA provided a slightly different sequence of ranking. Both SE and VC identified Firefly Algorithm-ANFIS (FA-ANFIS) as the best performing model followed by Particle Swarm Optimization-ANFIS. In contrast, FA-ANFIS was found to be the second-best performing model according to the ranking provided by GRA with a negligible difference in weight between FA-ANFIS and the classical ANFIS model (GD-LSE-ANFIS). Therefore, FA-ANFIS can be considered as the best model, which can be utilized to predict daily ET0 values for areas with similar climatic conditions. The findings of this research is of great importance for the planning of effective irrigation scheduling