Structural differences in languages

The relevance of the investigated problem is caused by the fact that lexical antonymy of different structure languages, such as English and Tatar, was not the subject of a separate study. This research paper deals with the problem of antonymy and different classifications existing in non-related languages nowadays. The article considers antonyms-reversives as a subclass of directional opposition. The main aim of this paper is to depict the typological peculiarities of antonym-reversives formation based on genetically non-related English and Tatar languages. We set the task to identify antonyms-reversives of the given languages, define their semantics, determine the thematic groups of this type of antonyms, and compare the structural peculiarities of their formation.peer-reviewe

Comparative analysis of semantic distinctions between synonymous adjectives in Tatar and English

Many linguistic researches are devoted to the issues of defining the valid criteria of emergence and preservation of semantically synonymous relations between words, the conditions of their system-based organization in a synonymic row. The aim of the paper is to indicate and analyze the types of semantic distinctions between synonymous adjectives in Tatar and English, thus determine features common for the two non-related languages. Based on the broad review of the theoretical data it is stated in the paper that a synonymic row represents a specific type of word relations based on the sameness/ similarity of meaning and distinction. The distinctions which bear semantic, expressive and stylistic nuances, that serve to preserve gradation inside a synonymic row, are called shades of meaning. The comparative analysis of the examined data let us identify types of semantic distinctions in gradation, motivating circumstances, duration and frequency, nature of outward expression of the quality, range of described objects, semantic associations, evaluative attitude, logical emphasis, emotional coloring. We believe the paper findings may be useful for researchers who deal with contrastive linguistics, typology of non-related languages, lexicographic practice and may help those who study the English language to solve the difficulty of choosing the appropriate word in the communication discourse.peer-reviewe

Significados conotativos do grupo lexico-semantica «eye» nas línguas de inglês e tatar

The paper is aimed at theoretical treatment and practical description of the relationship between language and culture represented by national and cultural connotations. Studying national and cultural connotations leads to the indication of culturally significant information which is one of the criteria for defining the language acquisition level and a desirable advantage in cross-cultural communication. This paper is the first attempt to carry out an in-depth research into the lexical-semantic groups of the English "eye" and the Tatar "kuz", defining the connotative meanings of the lexical units and revealing the counterparts in the given groups. The method of comparative analysis allowed us to determine proximity and distance in anthropological, cognitive, associative, emotional and evaluative backgrounds of these languages. The paper’s findings may be useful for researchers who deal with contrastive and cognitive linguistics, typology of non-related languages, lexicography and may help those who study English as a foreign language.El trabajo tiene como objetivo el tratamiento teórico y la descripción práctica de la relación del lenguaje y la cultura representada por connotaciones nacionales y culturales. Estudiar las connotaciones nacionales y culturales lleva a la indicación de información culturalmente significativa que es uno de los criterios para definir el nivel de adquisición del idioma y una ventaja deseable en la comunicación intercultural. El documento es el primer intento de llevar a cabo una investigación en profundidad sobre los grupos lexico-semánticos del "ojo" inglés y el "kuz" tártaro, definir los significados connotativos de las unidades léxicas, revelar las contrapartidas en los grupos dados. El método de análisis comparativo nos permitió determinar la proximidad y la distancia en los antecedentes antropológicos, cognitivos, asociativos, emocionales y evaluativos de estos lenguajes. Los hallazgos en el documento pueden ser útiles para los investigadores que se ocupan de la lingüística cognitiva y contrastante, la tipología de lenguajes no relacionados, la lexicografía y pueden ayudar a quienes estudian inglés como lengua extranjera.O artigo visa o tratamento teórico e a descrição prática da relação entre língua e cultura representada por conotações nacionais e culturais. Estudar conotações nacionais e culturais leva à indicação de informações culturalmente significativas, que é um dos critérios para definir o nível de aquisição de linguagem e uma vantagem desejável na comunicação intercultural. O artigo é a primeira tentativa de realizar uma pesquisa aprofundada sobre os grupos léxico-semânticos do "olho" inglês e o "kuz" tártaro, que definem os significados conotativos das unidades lexicais, revelando as contrapartes nos grupos dados. O método de análise comparativa permitiu determinar a proximidade e a distância em contextos antropológicos, cognitivos, associativos, emocionais e avaliativos dessas línguas. As descobertas do artigo podem ser úteis para pesquisadores que lidam com linguística contrastiva e cognitiva, tipologia de línguas não-relacionadas, lexicografia e podem ajudar aqueles que estudam inglês como língua estrangeira