POLYMORPHIC DELETIONS OF GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES M1, T1 AND BLADDER CANCER RISK IN ALGERIAN POPULATION

Objective: Glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and GST theta 1 (GSTT1) genes are two xenobiotic metabolizing genes in Phase II of the detoxification process. The polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 genes, and smoking are involved in many cancers such as bladder cancer. Our aim was to assess the role of smoking status and GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes in bladder cancer development in Algerian population.Methods: The current case–control study included 175 bladder cancer patients and 188 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnic origin. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction using blood genomic DNA. Possible associations of stage and grade with the obtained genotypes were also tested.Results: A significant associations were observed between bladder cancer risk and tobacco smoke (p value: p=1.21E-08), GSTM1 null genotype (p=0.018), GSTT1 null genotype (p=0.009), and GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotype (p=0.001). The combined effect of smoking and testing deletions increased the risk of bladder cancer and the most important risk was observed among smokers carrying GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotype (p=1.09E-05). No significant association was shown between stage and grade of bladder cancer and the testing genotypes.Conclusion: This study indicated that smoking, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotypes individually represent a risk factor for bladder cancer in Algerian population. The interaction smoking gene increased the risk considerably. In fact, it is suggested that patients with cigarette smoking habit and combined GSTM1 and T1 genes deletion might be at increased risk of bladder cancer

Effects of industrial processing methods on camel skimmed milk properties

Effects of pasteurisation (high-temperature-short-time; HTST), ultra-high-temperature (UHT), and high-pressure (HP) treatments on some physical and chemical properties of camel milk (CM), including whey protein denaturation, colour change, casein micelle size, and rennet coagulation time (RCT), was investigated. UHT treatment caused the biggest colour change and highest whey protein denaturation in CM; in contrast, the effects of HP treatments on these properties were considerably less. Casein micelle size decreased after all treatments. The RCT of CM was significantly delayed and coagulum strength (G′) decreased after HTST. HP treatment at 200 and 400 MPa increased the RCT of CM and the G′ value was the highest after treatment at 200 MPa. Processing at 600 and 800 MPa inhibited coagulation of CM. The effects of both thermal and non-thermal treatments on many constituents and properties of CM were different from those on constituents and properties of bovine milk

Functional and technological properties of camel milk proteins: a review

This review summarises current knowledge on camel milk proteins, with focus on significant peculiarities in protein composition and molecular properties. Camel milk is traditionally consumed as a fresh or naturally fermented product. Within the last couple of years, an increasing quantity is being processed in dairy plants, and a number of consumer products have been marketed. A better understanding of the technological and functional properties, as required for product improvement, has been gained in the past years. Absence of the whey protein β-LG and a low proportion of к-casein cause differences in relation to dairy processing. In addition to the technological properties, there are also implications for human nutrition and camel milk proteins are of interest for applications in infant foods, for food preservation and in functional foods. Proposed health benefits include inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties as well as an antidiabetogenic effect. Detailed investigations on foaming, gelation and solubility as well as technological consequences of processing should be investigated further for the improvement of camel milk utilisation in the near future

Occupational exposures and genetic susceptibility to urinary tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This study aims to summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between genetic polymorphisms, occupational exposures, and urinary tract cancers. We searched MEDLINE, ISI Web of science, and SCOPUS online databases for all articles published in English language up to September 2016. A meta-analysis was performed to provide summary estimates for the association between a certain genetic polymorphism, occupational exposure and bladder cancer (BC) or kidney cancer (KC), when appropriate. Fifteen studies on BC and six on KC were deemed eligible for the review. With regard to BC, an overall odds ratio (OR) of 2.07 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38–3.09] for those with GSTM1 and an OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.38–3.09) for those with GSTT1 null genotype were reported when exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). NAT2 slow genotype carriers had an OR of 3.59 (95% CI: 2.62–4.93) for BC when exposed to aromatic amines and an OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.36–3.15) when exposed to PAHs. With regard to KC and pesticide exposure, the meta-analysis reported an OR of 4.38 (95% CI: 2.28–8.41) for GSTM1 present genotype, an OR of 2.59 (95% CI: 1.62–4.15) for GSTT1-present genotype and an OR of 6.51 (95% CI: 2.85–14.89) for combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 active genotypes. This meta-analysis indicates a possible association between the variant genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, NAT2 and SULT1A1, occupational exposure to aromatic amines or PAHs, and development of BC. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes could influence the risk for developing KC in individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides