The Effectiveness of Using L1 in Second Language Classrooms: A Controversial Issue

This paper aims to uncover the hidden debate about the efficacy and inefficacy of using mother tongue in second language classroom. Teaching English as a second language is not an easy task to be undertaken. There are many approaches that postulate the optimal strategy for better teaching. As such, numerous researchers in the fields of language teaching and learning hold a belief that the use of L1 in L2 classrooms helps to facilitate learning. However, a significant number of researchers contend that the use of L1 in L2 classroom hinders learning and deprives learners from the exposure to the second language. As such, this paper tries to shed light on both views and to give evidence that using L1 in L2 classroom has a negative impact on L2 learners

Enhancing Water and Oil Repellency of Teflon Surface By Imparting Micro-Rough Structures Using Simple One-Step

In this work, an easy one-step and inexpensive technique of mechanical wet sanding was used to impart micro structures into the Teflon surface that promotes super repellent properties toward water and the two moderate low surface tension organic liquids. Sandpapers with a wide range of grit sizes 60-1000, with associated particle sizes of 256-10 µm, were used to obtain physical modification of the Teflon surface. The roughened Teflon surface with the sandpaper of 400 grit size showed super repellency toward water, glycerol, and ethylene glycol with CAs as high as 158°, 150°, and 142°, respectively, as well as the low sliding angle of less than 2°, 5°, and 15°, respectively. The obtained results and the effect of roughness were explained in terms of both fundamental wetting models of Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter. The effect of a decrease in liquid surface tension on the length scale of imparted geometries and consequent wetting state was also concluded. Finally, the work of adhesion for the tested liquids while on the roughened Teflon surfaces were also determined using both Young-Dupre relation and the liquid’s SAs

IDPs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI): Intractable Return and Absence of Social Integration Policy

From Wiley via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2019-03-25, rev-recd 2020-02-11, accepted 2020-04-02, pub-electronic 2020-05-27, pub-print 2021-06Article version: VoRPublication status: PublishedAbstract: This paper examines the protracted nature of displacement in the Iraqi context and places emphasis on the need for a social integration policy to bridge the deep cleavages of Iraqi society. Methodologically, the paper utilizes qualitative data by conducting focus‐group discussions with IDPs and semi‐structured individual interviews in KRI. In terms of return possibilities, while return in many ways is perceived to be not practical and to involve future risks, research findings show that a community‐based distinction needs to be made between IDPs from minority backgrounds and IDPs who belong to demographic majorities in the homeland locations. A second distinction is a geographic and political one as findings indicate that IDPs who take refuge in KRI, though remain largely dissatisfied with displacement conditions, are willing to stay in KRI longer in the hope of further security and reconstruction process in the violence‐affected areas. With respect to social integration policy, the paper outlines institutional, political and cultural explanations for a virtually absolute absence of social integration policy on national and regional levels. The paper suggests that the proposed social integration policy can capitalize practical implications of Social Contact Theory (SCT) in enhancing the integration of IDPs in the host communities

The Legal Protection and Regulation of Sponsorship Rights in English Football

Sponsorship is a form of promotional communication with the basic goal to persuade. Researchers have offered a series of benefits for the sponsor that can be achieved through selecting the ideal property, including, obtaining brand exposure, achieving brand recall, enhancing brand image, and communicating a brand theme in the hope of obtaining sales. However, differentiating the brand from competitors is a distinctive tactic essential for realising a competitive advantage. To assist with brand differentiating, corporate sponsors negotiate for exclusivity within a product or service category. Product category exclusivity acts to eliminate corporations within a sponsor’s product or service category from the sponsored subject. Therefore, sponsors pay a premium price to achieve such a restricted promotional position. However, instances of competing sponsorship interests within a football event or league have become common as broadcasters, footballers and stadiums owners all pursue corporate support. Where these separate actors in the same sports marketplace have not collaborate effectively to limit sponsor category conflicts, a sponsoring brand may find it difficult to establish unique image association within the football domain apart from category competitors. This questions the level of exclusivity football associations and related enterprises grant to their official sponsors. The purpose of the research is to raise the issue and debate the practice of selling multiple sponsorship rights within a particular product or service category in football competitions. Ambush marketing has emerged as an effective weapon in the arsenal of marketing department seeking to associate their brands with sporting events. The research analyses the most effective and common strategies of ambush marketing in English football, and examines the legal mechanisms available in the United Kingdom to prevent the likelihood of suffering damage to official sponsors by third party ambush tactics. The research concludes with the extent to which the legal system in the United Kingdom could help to protect the exclusive rights of the sponsor in English Football

Comparison between some genera of Grammosciadium and Torilis belonging to the (Apiaceae) family using nucleotide sequence of Matk gene into a protein

Background: The amino acid composition of certain species of the Grammosciadium and Torilis genera, belonging to the Apiaceae or Umbelliferae family, is investigated. This family of flowering plants is named after the genus Apium and is commonly referred to as the celery or carrot family. These plants are found in the wild in temperate regions and the northern regions of Iraq.Methods: The research was carried out in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala, Iraq. A total of 40 plant samples were collected from various places in Iraq, with 10 samples obtained for each species. The pliable specimens were enclosed in nylon pouches, stored in the refrigerator, and conveyed to the laboratory for the explicit objective of DNA extraction, with the subsequent data being duly documented. The molecular systematic research on Apioideae has involved international collaboration. The ongoing investigations will focus on analyzing the remaining 200 or so genera that have not been reviewed previously, particularly those that have been difficult to classify phylogenetically. Additionally, the current tribes and clades will be re-examined and improved. The current and upcoming updates to all of these well-known groups, which will include both molecular and morphological information, will finally lead to the creation of a new classification for the subfamily.Results: The results demonstrated a distinction in nucleotide sequences of the Matk gene across two genera as well as between species belonging to the same genus. Specifically, there were variations in the arrangement of 20 amino acids. The pH value of 14.03 was recorded as the maximum for citric acid in G. daucoides.Conclusion: The commonality lies in the relative quantities of certain amino acids. Members of the same genus, as well as people belonging to the same species.Keywords: Grammosciadium daucoides; Grammosciadium platycarpum; Torilis arvensis; Torilis chrysocarpa; Apiaceae (Umbelliferae); Amino acids; Molecular (gene Matk)

Perceptions and attitudes of inpatients toward infection control measures in Erbil public hospitals

Background and objective: Infection control refers to the measures taken in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to limit and control infections. The primary purpose of infection control is to reduce infection rates. Inpatients must have a perception and attitude about healthcare-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions and attitudes of inpatients and their related factors regarding infection control measures in Erbil public hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Erbil public hospitals from September 1st, 2021, to September 1st, 2022). It included 400 patients admitted for different reasons in Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil Teaching Hospital, and Maternity Teaching Hospital. Data were collected during the period (December 15th, 2021) to (March 29th, 2022). Data was gathered through a direct interview using the questionnaire format. Results: The highest percentage of inpatients were females (67.8%), and 60.3% had sufficient income. A high number of inpatients (43.5%) were admitted to the Rizgary teaching hospital. More than half (52.5%) of the inpatients believed they would get an infection if admitted to the hospital. Concerning being aware of healthcare-associated infections, only 16.0% of inpatients were aware of healthcare-associated infections. Most (83.0%) of the inpatients thought that hand washing reduced the chance of infection. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the perceptions and attitudes of inpatients regarding infection control issues in hospitals are low; accordingly, more efforts are needed to empower patients about infection control measures in hospitals

Effect of Video Game on School Achievement in School Age Children in Erbil/City

Background and objectives: Playing video games is associated with poor academic achievement, Student who got their game systems directly spent less time on homework and, four months later, they got lower reading and writing scores, their teachers were more likely to report academic difficulties. The aim of study is to identify the effect of play video game on school achievement. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out at five primary school in Erbil city 50 students was taken as a case group compared with 200 students as control group started from 15 September to 15 November 2020. A Questionnaire format was used as a tool for data collection and consists, demographic information of the students, parents and some Items about students game, Official permission has been obtained from College of Nursing / Hawler Medical University, Ministry of Education and primary schools. Data was analyzed through using frequency, percentage and chi-square by using SPSS, 22. Results: The study reveal that 58% of participants were age group between 12-14 years old, 74% of them were boys among playing group, 18% of father were graduated from college, 60% of played children were from middle socioeconomic status, 16% of game players have missed school, 66% of played students were missed homework, about 10% of the students have a good school achievement among who played video games and more than half (58%) among non-play students. There is highly significant association between parent educational levels with their children school achievement. Conclusions: Playing video game was negatively associated with poor school achievement. The study recommended the parent to limit the time of playing less than one hour daily, also limit the number and type of game especially fighting game and replaced with educational game.

A Proposed Framework for Applying the National Standards of Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Sudan from the Teaching Staff’s Perspective - Faculties of Business Administration

هدفت هذه الدراسة بشكل رئيسي إلى توضيح أهمية وجود المعايير الوطنية ودورها في تحقيق الجودة، وكذلك محاولة وضع إطار يمكن من خلاله التطبيق الفعلي للمعايير الوطنية بما يضمن تحقيق الجودة بمؤسسات التعليم العالي. وقد تمّ اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة، حيث تمّ بناء أداة الدراسة والمتمثلة في تصميم استبيان تضمن العوامل أو المتغيرات الرئيسية والفرعية التي لها دور في تصميم نماذج محددة تساعد على تطبيق المعايير الوطنية من قبل أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية بالجامعات السودانية، وقد تضمن الاستبيان متغيراً تابعاً يتمثل في التطبيق الفعال للمعايير الوطنية لضمان جودة مؤسسات التعليم العالي، وأربعة متغيرات رئيسية (مستقلة) هي: دليل المعايير الوطنية لضمان جودة التعليم في مؤسسات التعليم العالي في السودان، ومعيار ضمان الجودة، ومعيار التعليم والتعلم، و معيار النشر والبحث العلمي. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج من أهمها: وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مدى الإلمام بالمعايير الوطنية لضمان جودة التعليم في السودان تبعاً لمتغير الدرجة العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مدى الالتزام بتطبيق معايير ضمان جودة التعليم في السودان تبعاً للدرجة العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس، ووجود توافق تام بين المعايير الوطنية لضمان الجودة في السودان مع المعايير الدولية للاعتماد الخارجي، كما وجدت فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في أن عدم وجود نماذج محددة يؤثر سلباً على التطبيق الفعال للمعايير الوطنية لضمان جودة التعليم في السودان وفقاً لمتغير الدرجة العلمية لأعضاء الهيئة التدريسية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجودة، البرنامج، المعايير، الجامعة، إدارة الجودة الشاملة.This study aimed to clarify the importance of having national standards and their role in achieving quality, as well as establishing a framework for the actual application of national standards in quality assurance so as to achieve quality in higher education institutions. The researchers  followed a descriptive analytical method to achieve the objectives of the study and developed a questionnaire covering primary and secondary variables that have a role in the design of specific models to help in applying the national standards by the Sudanese universities. The questionnaire included one dependent variable; the effective application of national standards of quality assurance in higher education institutions, and the four main variables (independent) are: the national standards of quality assurance in higher education in Sudan, the standard of quality assurance, the standard of teaching and learning and the standard of scientific research and publication. The study revealed a number of conclusions: there were statistically significant differences in the extent of familiarity with the  national quality assurance standards in Sudan according to the academic rank of the  faculty members; there were also significant differences in the extent of compliance with the  national quality assurance standards in Sudan according to the academic rank of the faculty members; there was full agreement between the national standards for quality assurance in Sudan and the international standards for quality assurance; and  there were statistically significant differences in that the absence of specific models would have a negative impact on effective application of national standards of quality assurance in higher education in Sudan, according to the academic rank of the faculty members. Keywords: Quality, The program, Standards, University, Total quality management