ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, AND CYTOTOXICITY EVALUATION OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA (ROXB. EX DC.) WIGHT AND ARN

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant prospective of Terminalia arjuna (leaves). The most activeextracts were examined for their chemical composition and cytotoxicity.Methods: The antibacterial activity of five different extracts were examined against 8 bacterial strains (5 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative) usingresazurin-based microtiter dilution assay (RMDA) and disk-diffusion assay. The antioxidant potential of five extracts was demonstrated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity were assessed using gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and hemolytic assay, respectively.Results: According to RMDA, the acetone extract (AE) exhibited highest antibacterial activity. The AE showed highest activity against Salmonellaenterica ser. typhi and Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration, i.e., 195.31 μg/ml. In DPPH assay, AE showed the highest radicalscavenging activity with inhibition concentration50 23.09 μg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, the principal compound in AE was celidoniol (8.72 %). Accordingto the results of hemolytic assay, the AE showed non-toxic behavior upto 500 μg/ml.Conclusion: The present investigation represents T. arjuna as an incredible herb. The AE was found to possess promising antibacterial and antioxidantproperties.Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Terminalia arjuna, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY ANALYSIS OF BLUMEA LACERA (BURM. F.) DC

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant potential of B. lacera (leaves). The most active extracts were examined for their chemical composition and cytotoxicity.Methods: The antibacterial activity of five different extracts were examined against 8 bacterial strains (5 Gram-positive and 3 Gram-negative) using resazurin based microtitre dilution assay (RMDA) and disk diffusion assay (DDA). The antioxidant activity of extracts was demonstrated by using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition and cytotoxicity were assessed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and haemolytic assay, respectively.Results: According to RMDA, the petroleum ether extract (PEE) and chloroform extract (CE) exhibited highest antibacterial activity. The PEE showed highest activity against Salmonella enterica ser. typhi and Serratia marcescens with MIC i.e. 390.62 μg/ml. Similarly, the CE showed highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus with MIC i.e. 390.62 μg/ml. In DPPH assay, CE showed the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 57.46 µg/ml. In GCMS analysis, the principal compounds in PEE and CE were stigmasterol (12.86 %) and L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (11.73 %), respectively. In haemolytic assay, the PEE and CE showed non-toxic behaviour up to 125 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The present investigation represents B. lacera as an incredible herb. The PEE and CE were found to possess promising antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The CE exhibited lesser toxicity as compared with PEE

CO-CRYSTALS: A REVIEW

In development of new product major constraints are poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Crystallization is one the approach has been used for enhancement of solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs also helps to improve physicochemical properties such as melting point, tabletability, solubility, stability, bioavailability and permeability with preserving the pharmacological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Different methods have been used for the synthesis of cocrystal such as grinding, slurry, antisolvent, hot melt extrusion, sonocrystallization, supercritical fluid, spray drying etc. The article highlights the co-crystallization, its methods and significance. &nbsp

Diagnostic Criteria for Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata Vrana (Cervical Erosion)

In Ayurveda, Trisutra is the three modules which are, first Hetu (etiology), second Linga (signs and symptoms) and third Aushadh (treatment or management of disease). The aim of Ayurveda is to maintain Dhatusamya (equilibrium state of Dhatus) which in turn causes health. To know the Linga (sign and symptoms) of disease, there is a need of proper examination of patient. Various diagnostic method has been described in various Ayurvedic texts, out of which ‘Trividha Pariksha’ i.e., Darshana (inspection), Sparshana (Palpation, percussion), Prashana (questionnaire) has more importance for diagnostic purpose.  All the other diagnostic method explains in Ayurveda as well as modern science can be categorized under these basic ‘Trividha Pariksha’.  Cervical erosion is the common gynecological problem most likely in many women throughout their reproductive years. Due to its non-healing and recurrent nature of cervical erosion is the leading cause of cancer in cervix in women. So, these ‘Trividha Pariksha’ plays a key role in diagnosis of cervical erosion (Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata Vrana). It is used to determine the root cause of the Garbhasaya Grivamukhgata vrana and to determine the treatment of disease. The diagnosis process involves the assessment of several subjective and objective parameters pertaining to the disease as well as patient. Darshana pariksha and Sparshana pariksha come under objective parameter whereas Prashana pariksha come under subjective parameter

Formulation And Evaluation Of Floating Matrix Tablet Of Levofloxacin Hemihydrate

The objective of the present work was to develop Gastro retentive dosage forms which would remain in the stomach and upper part or GIT for a prolonged period of time thereby maximizing the drug release at desired site within the time before GRDFs left the stomach and upper part of the GIT, has provoked a great deal of increased interest in the formulation of such drug as Floating drug delivery systems. Levofloxacin, (BCS class I) is a fluoro-quinolone anti-bacterial agent. The rationale for the formulation of floating matrix tablet are acidic solubility of levofloxacin, residence of Halicobactor pylori mainly in sub region of stomach and the overdosing associated adverse effect due to continuous intake of drug in acute infection. Floating tablet of levofloxacin hemihydrate was prepared by wet granulation method using different hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers like guar gum, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and Eudragit RS 100, sodium alginate, xanthan gum. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid was used as gas generating agents. The FTIR spectra of the levofloxacin hemihydrate and Eudragit RS 100, guar gum, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, and xanthan gum alone and in combination show the compatibility of the drug and excipients. Formulations were optimized on the basis of in- vitro drug release in 0.1N HCL. It was found that the levofloxacin hemihydrate - Eudragit RS 100 (1:1) has given the best dissolution results. The optimized formulation evaluated for physical parameters such as weight uniformity, hardness, friability, drug content, in-vitro buoyancy and swelling index. The release mechanism of levofloxacin hemihydrate from the tablets was non-Fickian

Methicillin-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Carriage among Health Care Workers and Medical Students

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat. It has been portrayed as a slow tsunami. Multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance exacerbate the already-existing AMR problem. The aim of the study was to access the colonization of methicillin-resistant and biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students (MSs). A cross-sectional study was designed. A total of 352 participants (176 were HCWs and 176 were MSs) were enrolled from different hospitals and medical colleges in Kathmandu, Nepal. Nasal cavity swab samples were collected and inoculated on Mannitol salt agar at standard in-vitro environmental conditions. Isolates were identified based on colony characteristics, staining properties, and biochemical tests. Identified isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production. Out of 352 participants, 65.3% were S. aureus carriers; among the carriers, 52.2% were HCWs and 47.8% were MSs. Of the total isolates, 47.4% isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 73.9% isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among MDR isolates, out of 109 MRSA isolates, 86.2% were MDR and out of 121 MSSA isolates, 62.8% were MDR where isolates were mainly resistant to erythromycin. In addition, 68.7% isolates were biofilm-forming; the results were similar in both MRSA and MSSA. Variables such as profession and educational level showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) with MRSA, MSSA, and biofilm producers. In conclusion, asymptomatic colonization of healthcare workers by drug-resistant S. aureus is increasing at alarming rates. This reflects the lack of proper hygiene practice as well as improper disinfection of workplace of study population

Supplementary Data from Targeting RET Solvent-Front Mutants with Alkynyl Nicotinamide-Based Inhibitors

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Clinical Characterization and Genomic Analysis of Samples from COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections during the Second Wave among the Various States of India

From March to June 2021, India experienced a deadly second wave of COVID-19, with an increased number of post-vaccination breakthrough infections reported across the country. To understand the possible reason for these breakthroughs, we collected 677 clinical samples (throat swab/nasal swabs) of individuals from 17 states/Union Territories of the country who had received two doses (n = 592) and one dose (n = 85) of vaccines and tested positive for COVID-19. These cases were telephonically interviewed and clinical data were analyzed. A total of 511 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were recovered with genome coverage of higher than 98% from both groups. Analysis of both groups determined that 86.69% (n = 443) of them belonged to the Delta variant, along with Alpha, Kappa, Delta AY.1, and Delta AY.2. The Delta variant clustered into four distinct sub-lineages. Sub-lineage I had mutations in ORF1ab A1306S, P2046L, P2287S, V2930L, T3255I, T3446A, G5063S, P5401L, and A6319V, and in N G215C; Sub-lineage II had mutations in ORF1ab P309L, A3209V, V3718A, G5063S, P5401L, and ORF7a L116F; Sub-lineage III had mutations in ORF1ab A3209V, V3718A, T3750I, G5063S, and P5401L and in spike A222V; Sub-lineage IV had mutations in ORF1ab P309L, D2980N, and F3138S and spike K77T. This study indicates that majority of the breakthrough COVID-19 clinical cases were infected with the Delta variant, and only 9.8% cases required hospitalization, while fatality was observed in only 0.4% cases. This clearly suggests that the vaccination does provide reduction in hospital admission and mortality