25 research outputs found
Multiple-line inference of selection on quantitative traits
Trait differences between species may be attributable to natural selection.
However, quantifying the strength of evidence for selection acting on a
particular trait is a difficult task. Here we develop a population-genetic test
for selection acting on a quantitative trait which is based on multiple-line
crosses. We show that using multiple lines increases both the power and the
scope of selection inference. First, a test based on three or more lines
detects selection with strongly increased statistical significance, and we show
explicitly how the sensitivity of the test depends on the number of lines.
Second, a multiple-line test allows to distinguish different lineage-specific
selection scenarios. Our analytical results are complemented by extensive
numerical simulations. We then apply the multiple-line test to QTL data on
floral character traits in plant species of the Mimulus genus and on
photoperiodic traits in different maize strains, where we find a signatures of
lineage-specific selection not seen in a two-line test.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures; to appear in Genetic
Entropy and Barrier-Hopping Determine Conformational Viscoelasticity in Single Biomolecules
Biological macromolecules have complex and non-trivial energy landscapes,
endowing them a unique conformational adaptability and diversity in function.
Hence, understanding the processes of elasticity and dissipation at the
nanoscale is important to molecular biology and also emerging fields such as
nanotechnology. Here we analyse single molecule fluctuations in an atomic force
microscope (AFM) experiment using a generic model of biopolymer viscoelasticity
that importantly includes sources of local `internal' conformational
dissipation. Comparing two biopolymers, dextran and cellulose, polysaccharides
with and without the well-known `chair-to-boat' transition, reveals a signature
of this simple conformational change as minima in both the elasticity and
internal friction around a characteristic force. A calculation of two-state
populations dynamics offers a simple explanation in terms of an elasticity
driven by the entropy, and friction by barrier-controlled hopping, of
populations on a landscape. The microscopic model, allows quantitative mapping
of features of the energy landscape, revealing unexpectedly slow dynamics,
suggestive of an underlying roughness to the free energy.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, naturemag.bst, modified nature.cls
(naturemodified.cls
Noise-driven oscillations in microbial population dynamics
Microbial populations in the natural environment are likely to experience
growth conditions very different from those of a typical laboratory xperiment.
In particular, removal rates of biomass and substrate are unlikely to be
balanced under realistic environmental conditions. Here, we consider a single
population growing on a substrate under conditions where the removal rates of
substrate and biomass are not necessarily equal. For a large population, with
deterministic growth dynamics, our model predicts that this system can show
transient (damped) oscillations. For a small population, demographic noise
causes these oscillations to be sustained indefinitely. These oscillations
arise when the dynamics of changes in biomass are faster than the dynamics of
the substrate, for example, due to a high microbial death rate and/or low
substrate flow rates. We show that the same mechanism can produce sustained
stochastic oscillations in a two-species, nutrient-cycling microbial ecosystem.
Our results suggest that oscillatory population dynamics may be a common
feature of small microbial populations in the natural environment, even in the
absence of complex interspecies interactions.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure
From genotypes to organisms: state-of-the-art and perspectives of a cornerstone in evolutionary dynamics
Understanding how genotypes map onto phenotypes, fitness, and eventually organisms is arguably the next major missing piece in a fully predictive theory of evolution. We refer to this generally as the problem of the genotype-phenotype map. Though we are still far from achieving a complete picture of these relationships, our current understanding of simpler questions, such as the structure induced in the space of genotypes by sequences mapped to molecular structures, has revealed important facts that deeply affect the dynamical description of evolutionary processes. Empirical evidence supporting the fundamental relevance of features such as phenotypic bias is mounting as well, while the synthesis of conceptual and experimental progress leads to questioning current assumptions on the nature of evolutionary dynamics-cancer progression models or synthetic biology approaches being notable examples. This work delves with a critical and constructive attitude into our current knowledge of how genotypes map onto molecular phenotypes and organismal functions, and discusses theoretical and empirical avenues to broaden and improve this comprehension. As a final goal, this community should aim at deriving an updated picture of evolutionary processes soundly relying on the structural properties of genotype spaces, as revealed by modern techniques of molecular and functional analysis
From genotypes to organisms: State-of-the-art and perspectives of a cornerstone in evolutionary dynamics
Understanding how genotypes map onto phenotypes, fitness, and eventually
organisms is arguably the next major missing piece in a fully predictive theory
of evolution. We refer to this generally as the problem of the
genotype-phenotype map. Though we are still far from achieving a complete
picture of these relationships, our current understanding of simpler questions,
such as the structure induced in the space of genotypes by sequences mapped to
molecular structures, has revealed important facts that deeply affect the
dynamical description of evolutionary processes. Empirical evidence supporting
the fundamental relevance of features such as phenotypic bias is mounting as
well, while the synthesis of conceptual and experimental progress leads to
questioning current assumptions on the nature of evolutionary dynamics-cancer
progression models or synthetic biology approaches being notable examples. This
work delves into a critical and constructive attitude in our current knowledge
of how genotypes map onto molecular phenotypes and organismal functions, and
discusses theoretical and empirical avenues to broaden and improve this
comprehension. As a final goal, this community should aim at deriving an
updated picture of evolutionary processes soundly relying on the structural
properties of genotype spaces, as revealed by modern techniques of molecular
and functional analysis.Comment: 111 pages, 11 figures uses elsarticle latex clas
Biophysics and population size constrains speciation in an evolutionary model of developmental system drift.
Developmental system drift is a likely mechanism for the origin of hybrid incompatibilities between closely related species. We examine here the detailed mechanistic basis of hybrid incompatibilities between two allopatric lineages, for a genotype-phenotype map of developmental system drift under stabilising selection, where an organismal phenotype is conserved, but the underlying molecular phenotypes and genotype can drift. This leads to number of emergent phenomenon not obtainable by modelling genotype or phenotype alone. Our results show that: 1) speciation is more rapid at smaller population sizes with a characteristic, Orr-like, power law, but at large population sizes slow, characterised by a sub-diffusive growth law; 2) the molecular phenotypes under weakest selection contribute to the earliest incompatibilities; and 3) pair-wise incompatibilities dominate over higher order, contrary to previous predictions that the latter should dominate. The population size effect we find is consistent with previous results on allopatric divergence of transcription factor-DNA binding, where smaller populations have common ancestors with a larger drift load because genetic drift favours phenotypes which have a larger number of genotypes (higher sequence entropy) over more fit phenotypes which have far fewer genotypes; this means less substitutions are required in either lineage before incompatibilities arise. Overall, our results indicate that biophysics and population size provide a much stronger constraint to speciation than suggested by previous models, and point to a general mechanistic principle of how incompatibilities arise the under stabilising selection for an organismal phenotype