Comparing the effects of oil palm kernel shell and cockle shell on properties of pervious concrete pavement

Nowadays, pervious concrete pavement is one of the best materials used in construction industry as a top layer of permeable pavement system to control the storm water at source. In addition, increasing production of waste materials, increased the interest in utilising the waste materials for environmental and technical benefits. Therefore, this paper compared the effect of using two different sizes of oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) and cockleshell (CS) as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate on properties of pervious concrete pavement. Thirteen mixtures were made, in which 6.30-mm natural gravel was replaced with 0, 25, 50 and 75% of 6.30-mm and 4.75-mm of both shells. The relationships between the properties of pervious concrete mixtures was also determined. The replacement of OPKS and CS as the natural aggregate decreased the compressive strength, while the angular shape of both shells caused higher void content and permeability as compared to those of control pervious concrete. On the other hand, pervious concrete containing CS showed better properties than those of incorporating OPKS. Apart from that, strong relationships between density, void content, permeability, compressive strength values indicated that they can be used as a pervious concrete quality control tests for prediction of properties of pervious concrete pavement before placement in the field

Assessment of the physical characteristics and stormwater effluent quality of permeable pavement systems containing recycled materials

This paper evaluates the physical characteristics of two recycled materials and the pollutant removal efficiencies of four 0.2 m2 tanked permeable pavement rigs in the laboratory, that contained either natural aggregates or these recycled materials in the sub-base. The selected recycled materials were Crushed Concrete Aggregates (CCA) and Cement-bounded Expanded Polystyrene beads (C-EPS) whilst the natural aggregates were basalt and quartzite. Natural stormwater runoff was used as influent. Effluent was collected for analysis after 7–10 mins of discharge. Influent and effluent were analysed for pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electroconductivity (EC), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), reactive phosphorous (PO43-) and sulphates (SO42-). Both CCA and C-EPS had suitable physical properties for use as sub-base materials in PPS. However, C-EPS is recommended for use in pavements with light to no traffic because of its relatively low compressive strength. In terms of pollutant removal efficiencies, significant differences (p 0.05) were found with respect to TSS, turbidity, COD and NO3-N. Effluent from rigs containing CCA and C-EPS saw significant increases in pH, EC and TDS measurements whilst improvements in DO, TSS, turbidity, COD, PO43- and SO42- were observed. All mean values except pH were, however, within the Maximum Permissible Levels (MPLs) of water pollutants discharged into the environment according to the Trinidad and Tobago Environmental Management Authority (EMA) or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). In this regard, the CCA and C-EPS performed satisfactorily as sub-base materials in the permeable pavement rigs. It is noted, however, that further analysis is recommended through leaching tests on the recycled materials

Dataset on the assessment of pervious concrete containing palm oil kernel shell and seashell in heavy metal removal from stormwater.

The dataset currently available comprises the rate of heavy metal removal by pervious concrete incorporation seashell and palm oil kernel shells from stormwater. Stormwater runoff was collected from commercial area at Taman University, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. The stormwater sample underwent filtration and was preserved in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at a temperature of 4°C for use as the incoming water. The outgoing water, referred to as effluent, was obtained from tests performed on pervious concrete samples after a curing period of 28 days. The previous concrete mixes were created with a water-to-binder ratio (w/b ratio) of 32% and a sand ratio of 10%, respectively, three palm oil kernel shell and seashell contents, namely, 0, 25 and 50% as coarse aggregate replacement, two median particle sizes of both palm oil kernel shell and seashell, namely (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3 mm. Heavy metal analyses were measured on influent and effluent by a Perkin Elmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductive Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The available datasets are raw and analyzed data.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Dataset on the assessment of pervious concrete containing palm oil kernel shell and seashell in heavy metal removal from stormwater.

The dataset currently available comprises the rate of heavy metal removal by pervious concrete incorporation seashell and palm oil kernel shells from stormwater. Stormwater runoff was collected from commercial area at Taman University, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. The stormwater sample underwent filtration and was preserved in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles at a temperature of 4°C for use as the incoming water. The outgoing water, referred to as effluent, was obtained from tests performed on pervious concrete samples after a curing period of 28 days. The previous concrete mixes were created with a water-to-binder ratio (w/b ratio) of 32% and a sand ratio of 10%, respectively, three palm oil kernel shell and seashell contents, namely, 0, 25 and 50% as coarse aggregate replacement, two median particle sizes of both palm oil kernel shell and seashell, namely (6.3-9.5 mm) and (4.75-6.3 mm. Heavy metal analyses were measured on influent and effluent by a Perkin Elmer ELAN 6100 Series Inductive Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The available datasets are raw and analyzed data.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Properties of sustainable lightweight pervious concrete containing oil palm kernel shell as coarse aggregate

Today, pervious concrete is one of the best materials used in sustainable drainage system. Due to the limitations of raw materials, the use of waste materials in concrete is able to reduce the negative impacts of concrete towards the environment. Therefore, this study presents the development of a sustainable lightweight pervious concrete by replacing natural coarse aggregate sized 6.30–9.50 mm with waste material from palm oil industry sized 4.75–6.30 mm and 6.30–9.50 mm. For this purpose, limestone was partially replaced (from 25 to 75% by mass) with oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) to produce sustainable lightweight pervious concrete. Properties, including both fresh and hardened density and void content, compressive and tensile strength as well as permeability were discussed. The results indicated that it is possible to produce sustainable lightweight pervious concrete by incorporating lightweight waste material from the palm oil industry. Results also showed that the kind of concrete produced is suitable for use in light traffic roads and parking lots. Furthermore, in this research, pervious concrete containing the OPKS showed high water permeability, which varies from 4 to 16 mm/s, in addition to acceptable compressive strength, ranging from 6 to 12 MPa

Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement

Malaysia produces about 8.5 million tons of coal ash as waste which comprises of bottom ash and fly ash. Reusing such waste which is otherwise sent to landfills is an environment-friendly option. Hence, the major aim of this research study was to investigate their use in concrete to replace sand with bottom ash waste and cement with fly ash. Concrete specimens were prepared incorporating 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100% of bottom ash replacing sand and 20% of coal fly ash by mass, as a substitute for Ordinary Portland cement. Fresh and hardened state properties of the experimental specimens were determined. Results revealed that concrete workability reduced when bottom ash content increased replacing sand. On the other hand, at the early age of 28 d, no significant effect was observed in compressive, flexural and tensile strengths of all concrete samples. After curing at 91 and 180 d ages, compressive strength of both the experimental and control concrete samples increased significantly but remained almost similar. However, flexural and splitting tensile strengths of the experimental mix containing 75% bottom ash and 20% fly ash exceeded much more than the control sample. Moreover, drying-shrinkage of experimental concrete mixtures containing 50%, 75% and 100% bottom ash and 20% fly ash was lower than the control mix. It is concluded that those experimental concrete mixes can be used in several structures (foundations, sub-bases, pavements, etc.) which will minimize the cost, energy and environmental problems to a great extent

Workability, compressive strength & leachability of coal ash concrete

One of the essential steps for planning solid waste management towards sustainable development is to reuse solid waste in the construction industry. Coal is one of the world's most important sources of energy, fueling almost 40 % of electricity worldwide. Malaysia is commonly producing electricity through burning millions of tonnes of coal. This process generates around 8.5 Mt of coal ash, which comprised of 80 % Fly Ash (FA), and 20 % Bottom Ash (BA) as waste. The study aims to investigate the workability, compressive strength and leachability of concrete containing BA and FA as replacement of sand and cement. Cement was substituted with 20 % of FA by mass and fine aggregate was replaced with BA at 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 % in the concrete mix. The results show that the percentage sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 (the main chemical composition in coal ash) in FA and BA are about 78.82 % and 83.24 %. The leaching test showed that the heavy metal concentrations in leachates are much lower than recommended in the USEPA SW 846. Workability of concrete was reduced by increasing BA content as a sand replacement in the concrete mixture. After 91 d and 180 d curing periods, the compressive strength of both the experimental and control samples of concrete were roughly comparable. It can be concluded that BA and FA can be used as a replacement of sand and cement in normal concrete without any environmental problem

Toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing coal ash as substitute for cement and river sand

The main aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA), as partial or total replacement of fine aggregate and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), respectively. Concrete mixtures were prepared containing 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100% of BA as a substitute for river sand and 20% of FA as a replacement for OPC. Tests carried out were Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP), sulfate and acid attack (change in compressive strength, microstructure and weight) and elevated temperature effects (loss in compressive strength and mass as well as change in pulse velocity). Results showed that submerging coal ash concrete (CAC) mixtures in 5% sulfuric acid solution resulted in less reduction of compressive strength and mass loss compare to that of the control concrete. Moreover, sulfate resistance tests on concrete mixtures indicated that there were no mass loss and no reduction in compressive strength of all the mixtures after submersion in 5% magnesium sulfate solution. CAC showed higher weight loss and greater compressive strength reduction at elevated temperatures. From TCLP results, it is concluded that none of the elements leached higher than the maximum concentration of contaminants for toxicity characteristics. It indicates that transportation, disposal and utilization of BA and FA as clean construction material's replacement could be utilized to reduce their environmental problems, increase efficiency and reduced unit cost production of concrete

Properties of quiet pervious concrete containing oil palm kernel shell and cockleshell

Nowadays, the significant increase in noise has become a major problem in urban areas. Using pervious concrete pavement is recommended to reduce the noise. Unfortunately, standard materials used to produce pervious concrete are not completely environmental friendly. As a result, many researchers have devoted their attention towards identifying eco-friendlier substitutions to be used in the manufacturing of pervious concrete. In this respect, this current paper discussed the efficiency of two different sizes of oil palm kernel shell (KS) and cockle shell (CS) as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate for sound absorption of pervious concrete. Thirteen mixtures were made, which replaced 6.30 mm limestone with 0, 25, 50 and 75% of 6.30 mm and 4.75 mm of both shells. The specimens were cured in a fog room and void content and compressive strength were tested. The replacement of both KS and CS as the natural aggregate decreased the compressive strength, although the range was still acceptable for pervious concrete at 28 days. However, the angular shape of both shells caused high void content. The maximum increase in void content compared to that of the control pervious concrete (CPC) was achieved with the use of 75% of 6.30 mm KS at 28 days. Moreover, by increasing sound absorption with the application of both shells, particularly KS, the concrete could be used as silent road pavement. It was therefore concluded that the use of both KS and CS to produce cleaner and quitter pervious concrete pavement is practical, both mechanically and environmentally

Sustainable pervious concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash as cement replacement

Pervious concrete is one of the best materials used in sustainable drainage system to control the stormwater at source. The use of waste materials in concrete is able to reduce the negative impacts of concrete towards the environment. Therefore, this study presents the development of a sustainable pervious concrete by partially replacing cement with palm oil fuel ash (POFA) from palm oil industry. Properties, including void content, compressive and tensile strength as well as permeability were discussed. The results indicated that it is possible to produce sustainable pervious concrete by incorporating POFA. Furthermore, pervious concrete containing POFA showed higher water permeability and void content but lower compressive and tensile strength than control pervious concrete. However, the obtained compressive and tensile strength were within the acceptable range which is reported for strengths of pervious concrete