Generating UML class diagram from source codes using multi-threading technique

The traditional Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) often includes four phases: analysis, design, implementation, and testing. Reverse engineering is the process of moving back those phases by analyzing the software system and then representing it at the higher levels of abstractions. The reverse engineering software process generates high level information from the implementation phase. This information includes generating several diagrams and specification documents that describe the implemented software. The UML class diagram represent a valuable source of information even after the delivery of the software. Class diagram extraction can be done either from software’s source code, or from the executable file. In the case of source code, a review of the current tools shows that many researchers have been extracting the UML class diagram from an object-oriented source code based on the sequential processing approach. In this research, a proposed approach for extracting a class diagram from the source code is presented. The proposed approach relies on multi-threading technique in the class diagram extraction which is representing the parallel processing. The motivation behind using multi-threading technique is that, it gives an advantage of faster processing to any software because the threads of the program naturally lend themselves to truly concurrent execution. In this research, a class diagram extraction using multi-threading technique is designed and implemented using the C# programming language. The implemented approach is tested on three case studies that contain several types of entities and relationships between them. Testing results show that the time needed to extract class diagram using multi-threading technique for the tested three cases is less than the time needed in extracting the same class diagram without using multi-threading technique

Underwater localization and node mobility estimation

In this paper, localizing a moving node in the context of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is considered. Most existing algorithms have had designed to work with a static node in the networks. However, in practical case, the node is dynamic due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver. The main idea is to record the time of arrival message (ToA) stamp and estimating the drift in the sampling frequency accordingly. It should be emphasized that, the channel conditions such as multipath and delay spread, and ambient noise is considered to make the system pragmatic. A joint prediction of the node mobility and speed are estimated based on the sampling frequency offset estimation. This sampling frequency offset drift is detected based on correlating an anticipated window in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) of the received packet. The range and the distance of the mobile node is predicted from estimating the speed at the received packet and reused in the position estimation algorithm. The underwater acoustic channel is considered in this paper with 8 paths and maximum delay spread of 48 ms to simulate a pragmatic case. The performance is evaluated by adopting different nodes speeds in the simulation in two scenarios of expansion and compression. The results show that the proposed algorithm has a stable profile in the presence of severe channel conditions. Also, the result shows that the maximum speed that can be adopted in this algorithm is 9 km/h and the expansion case profile is more stable than the compression scenario. In addition, a comparison with a dynamic triangular algorithm (DTN) is presented in order to evaluate the proposed system

A Framework for Protecting Cloud Users from Third Party Auditors

Cloud computing has merged to be a now computing paradigm that lets public to access shared pool of resources without capital investment. The users of cloud need to access resources through Internet in pay per use fashion. Thus there is increased use of storage services of cloud in the real world. This service is known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). However, there are security concerns as this service runs in entrusted environment. To ensure data integrity many public verification or auditing schemes came into existence. Nevertheless, there is a concern when the so called Third Party Auditor (TPA) has malicious intentions. In such cases, protection is required against malicious TPAs. Towards this end, recently, Huang et al. proposed a scheme in which users can directly check the integrity of stored data using a feedback based audit scheme. TPA takes process proof from cloud server and gives feedback to cloud user. The feedback is unforgivable and the TPA cannot make any malicious attacks. Based on this scheme, in this paper, we implemented a prototype application that demonstrates the proof of concept. The empirical results are encouraging. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15065

Physics-Informed Scaling Laws for the Performance of Pitching Foils in Schooling Configurations

This study introduces novel physics-based scaling laws to estimate the propulsive performance of synchronously pitching foils in various schooling configurations at Re=4000. These relations are derived from quasi-steady lift-based and added mass forces. Hydrodynamic interactions among the schooling foils are considered through vortex-induced velocities imposed on them, constituting the ground effect. Generalized scaling equations are formulated for cycle-averaged coefficients of thrust and power. These equations encompass both the pure-pitching and induced velocity terms, capturing their combined effects. The equations are compared to computational results obtained from two-foils systems, exhibiting foil arrangements over a wide range of parameter space, including Strouhal number (0.15 \leq St \leq 0.4), pitching amplitude (5 deg \leq \theta_0 \leq 14 deg), and phase difference (0 deg \leq \phi \leq 180 deg). The individual contributions of pure-pitching and induced velocity terms to propulsive performance elucidate that solely relying on the pure-pitching terms leads to inadequate estimation, emphasizing the significance of the induced velocity terms. Validity of the approach is further assessed by testing it with a three-foil configuration, which displays a collapse. This indicates that the scaling laws are not only applicable to two-foils systems but also extend their effectiveness to multi-foil arrangements

On the Association of Kinematics, Spanwise Instability and Growth of Secondary Vortex Structures in the Wake of Oscillating Foils

Three-dimensional wake of an oscillating foil with combined heaving and pitching motion is numerically evaluated at a range of chord-based Strouhal number (0.32 \le Stc \le 0.56) and phase offset (90 deg \le \phi \le 70 deg) at Re = 8000. The changes in \phi and Stc reflect a unique route of transition in mechanisms that govern the origin of spanwise instabilities and growth of secondary wake structures. At lower Stc, heave dominated kinematics demonstrates a strong secondary leading edge vortex (LEV ) as the source of growing spanwise instability on the primary LEV , followed by an outflux of streamwise vorticity filaments from the secondary LEV . With increasing heave domination, the origin of stronger spanwise instability is governed by a counter-rotating trailing edge vortex (TEV ) and LEV that leads to growth of streamwise secondary structures. A decreasing heave domination ultimately coincides with an absence of strong LEV undulations and secondary structures. The consistent transition routes are represented on a phase-space map, where a progression of spanwise instability and growth of secondary structures becomes evident within regimes of decreased heave domination. The increasing strength of circulation for the primary LEV , with increasing Stc, provides a crucial reasoning for this newly identified progression

Classification of vortex patterns of oscillating foils in side-by-side configurations

The unsteady hydrodynamics of two in-phase pitching foils arranged in side-by-side (parallel) configurations is examined for a range of Strouhal number and separation distance. Three distinct vortex patterns are identified in the Strohual number-separation distance phase maps, which include separated wake, merged wake, and transitional-merged wake. Furthermore, a novel model is introduced based on fundamental flow variables including velocity, location, and circulation of dipole structures to quantitatively distinguish vortex patterns in the wake. The physical mechanism of wake merging process is also elucidated. When an oscillating foil experiences the jet deflection phenomenon, secondary structures shed from the primary street traverse in the other direction by making an angle with its parent vortex street. For parallel foils, secondary structures from the vortex street of the lower foil interact with the primary vortex street of the upper foil under certain kinematic conditions. This interaction triggers the wake merging process by influencing circulation of coherent structures in the upper part of the wake. It is unveiled that merging of the wakes leads to enhancements in propulsive efficiency by increasing thrust generation without a significant alteration in power requirements. These are attributed to the formation of a high-momentum jet by the merged vortex street, which possesses significantly larger circulation due to the amalgamation of the vortices, and major alterations in the evolution of leading edge vortices. Thus, flow physics that are thoroughly explored here are crucial in providing novel insights for future development of flow control techniques for efficient designs of bio-inspired underwater propulsors

Comparing the Effects of Different Flow Rate of Fresh Gas on Patient Hemodynamic Stability and Depth of Anesthesia

More general anaesthesia with lower fresh gas flow rates is needed to reduce environmental contamination and treatment costs. Reducing or eliminating fresh gas administration improves patient care by keeping the highest anaesthesia safety and quality standards and reducing emissions. The increasing use of low fresh gas flow rates addresses environmental concerns and ensures excellent anaesthesia patient outcomes. This study examined how the unique low-flow anaesthesia regimen affected hemodynamic stability throughout medical procedures. One hundred consecutive people were used for this experiment. A group of patients received two litres per minute of high flow anaesthesia (HFA) while another received one litre per minute of low flow (LFA). Surgery took up to two hours for each research subject. The bispectral index (BIS), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide levels, haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), and inhalational anaesthetic agent concentrations like isoflurane, nitrous oxide (N2O), and oxygen (O2) were closely monitored and recorded during the procedures. The two groups had significantly different heart rates, SaO2 levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The two groups' BIS scores were similar, showing that low-flow anaesthesia patients were not more alert during surgery. In addition, the high-flow and low-flow anaesthesia groups had statistically significant differences in end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations at 5, 10, 15, and 60 minutes and after surgery. To conclude, low-flow and high-flow rate general anaesthesia approaches maintain hemodynamic stability and provide the optimum anaesthesia for patients. The current study stresses the importance of continuously monitoring and controlling anaesthesia administration methods to optimise patient outcomes and procedural safety. This study adds to the knowledge of anaesthetic methods and their influence on clinical management and patient care in healthcare

Comparing the Effects of Different Flow Rate of Fresh Gas on Patient Hemodynamic Stability and Depth of Anesthesia

More general anaesthesia with lower fresh gas flow rates is needed to reduce environmental contamination and treatment costs. Reducing or eliminating fresh gas administration improves patient care by keeping the highest anaesthesia safety and quality standards and reducing emissions. The increasing use of low fresh gas flow rates addresses environmental concerns and ensures excellent anaesthesia patient outcomes. This study examined how the unique low-flow anaesthesia regimen affected hemodynamic stability throughout medical procedures. One hundred consecutive people were used for this experiment. A group of patients received two litres per minute of high flow anaesthesia (HFA) while another received one litre per minute of low flow (LFA). Surgery took up to two hours for each research subject. The bispectral index (BIS), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide levels, haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), and inhalational anaesthetic agent concentrations like isoflurane, nitrous oxide (N2O), and oxygen (O2) were closely monitored and recorded during the procedures. The two groups had significantly different heart rates, SaO2 levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The two groups' BIS scores were similar, showing that low-flow anaesthesia patients were not more alert during surgery. In addition, the high-flow and low-flow anaesthesia groups had statistically significant differences in end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations at 5, 10, 15, and 60 minutes and after surgery. To conclude, low-flow and high-flow rate general anaesthesia approaches maintain hemodynamic stability and provide the optimum anaesthesia for patients. The current study stresses the importance of continuously monitoring and controlling anaesthesia administration methods to optimise patient outcomes and procedural safety. This study adds to the knowledge of anaesthetic methods and their influence on clinical management and patient care in healthcare